100% - [quotes]
appropriateness - [quotes]
architecture - the visual modeling of a system's structure, components, and relationships
design - [quotes]
good design - [quotes]
designer - [quotes]
bar graph/chart - chart that uses either horizontal or vertical bars (column chart) to show discrete, numerical comparisons across categories. [defs, quotes]
column bar/chart - [quotes]
radial column chart (aka circular column graph)
- graph that uses a grid of concentric circles to plot bars on, each
circle representing a value on a scale, while the radial dividers (lines
spanning from the center) are used for each category or interval (if a
histogram).
error bar - graphical tool used in data statistics to display the uncertainty, variability, or margin of error associated with a specific data point
piled bar chart - a layered bar chart design where all the bars are sorted and aligned on a single, shared axis.
radial/circular bar chart - a bar chart plotted on a polar coordinate system, rather than on a Cartesian one.
stacked bar graph -
wrapped bar chart - 1) a chart that splits the sorted
bars in a horizontal bar chart into multiple columns to eliminate the
need for scrolling (Stephen Few); 2) a chart that wraps
disproportionately large bars so that small values are discernible
board -
BI board - [defs]
BI Competency Center [BICC]
box
black box - an opaque system, algorithm, dataset or model where the internal logic and processing steps are hidden or too complex for human interpretation [quotes*]
white box - an explainable or transparent AI/ML model used to generate charts and graphics. [quotes]
category - a class or division of people or things having certain shared characteristics [quotes]
categorization - the action or process of putting items together into classes or groups.
chance - [quotes*]
change - the act or process through which a variable or aspect is transformed [quotes*]
chart - a graphical representation of data by predefined graphical means [quotes]
bubble chart - multi-variable graph used to analyze patterns/correlations between variables on terms of positioning and proportions. It uses a Cartesian coordinate system to plot the variables in which each point is assigned a label or category (either displayed alongside or on a legend), respectively a third variable quantified as the area of its circle. Colors can be used to distinguish between categories or to represent an additional data variable [quotes]
bullet chart - see bullet graph
[Japanese] candlestick chart - trading tool used to visualize and analyze the price movements over time period
chart elements -
annotation (aka hint, data tip, tooltip) - a supplementary note, shape, or marker added to a chart or graph to explain, clarify, or emphasize specific data.
axes - the horizontal and vertical axes of a graph [defs, quotes]
background - [quotes]
footnote - an explanatory note, data citation, or methodological detail placed below a chart, graph, or infographic
headline - a short, compelling statement at the top of a chart or dashboard that clearly states the core takeaway, insight, or primary assertion of the data, rather than just describing its content [quotes]
subtext - the implicit, unspoken, or hidden meaning conveyed beneath the visual data
subtitle - secondary line of text that provides context the viewer needs to interpret the chart correctly, clarifying details that don’t belong in the title but are essential for understanding the data
symbol - a sign, a mark or character used as a conventional representation of an object, function, process or other similar purpose [quotes]
title - primary line of text that provides the viewer in one short sentence what the data represent, what the chart is about, respectively what the main takeaway or subject is [quotes]
charts vs. words [quotes]
donut chart - variation of a Pie Chart in which an area of the center is cut out. [link 1, quotes]
dot matrix chart - display method in which the discreet data are displayed in units of dots, each colored to represent a particular category and grouped together in a matrix.
flow chart (aka flow diagram, flow process chart, process chart, process map) - type of diagram that represents/abstracts the sequential steps of a process [defs, quotes]
Gantt chart - project management organization tool that displays a list of activities (or tasks) with their duration over a timeline and tracks further information needed in the process. [defs, quotes]
horizon chart -
Kagi chart - time-independent chart used to display the general levels of supply and demand of a particular asset by visualizing the price actions through a series of line patterns.
mosaic plot (aka Marimekko chart - chart used to visualize categorical data over a pair of variables with a percentage scale.
open-high-low-close (OHLC) chart) - chart used to illustrate the movements in prices
parallel set charts -
Pareto chart - [defs]
PERT chart - [defs]
pictogram chart (aka pictograph/pictorial chart) - chart that uses icons to give a more engaging overall view of small sets of discrete data.
pie chart - chart that shows percentages as sectors (slices) of a circle (and thus resembling a pie) [p1, quotes]
point & figure (P&F) chart - chart used to display the relationship between supply and demand of a particular asset through a series of columns made up of X's and O's.
point chart - see scatterplot
proportional area chart -
radar chart (aka spider/web chart, polar chart) - a way of comparing multiple quantitative variables.
rose chart (aka coxcomb chart, polar area diagram) - a polar coordinate grid that displays categories of data within equally divided segments.
span chart (aka range/column bar) - chart used to display dataset ranges between a minimum value and a maximum value.
sparkline - a tiny, highly compact chart that fits inside a single cell or line of text, providing a quick, at-a-glance visual summary of data trends *spikes, drops, or economic cycles) without requiring the space of a traditional, full-sized chart [defs, quotes]
tally chart -
timeline chart - a chart that illustrates a series of events, tasks or milestones in chronological order [quotes]
trellis chart - a chart which displays a series of sub-charts that use the same scale and axes [quotes]
XY chart - a visualization that allows studying the relationship between numeric variables
clarity - the quality of being coherent and intelligible [quotes]
classification - [defs, quotes*]
classification tree - [defs]
classifier - [defs, quotes]
clearness - [quotes]
code -
software - [quotes*]
coincidence - [quotes*]
common sense - [quotes*]
communication - the process of imparting or exchanging data, information or knowledge within a medium via predefined channels [quotes]
alerts - interactive elements in the context of BI that convey important information, warnings, or notifications to users [quotes]
composition - [quotes]
computation - [quotes]
confirmation - [quotes]
connection - [quotes]
control - [quotes*]
convergence - [quotes*]
coordinates - a set of numbers which are used to determine the position of a point or a shape in a n-dimensional plane (usually a 2- or 3-dimensional space, though one may choose to work in higher dimensions) [quotes]
continuity - [quotes]
time - the graphical representation of data points collected sequentially over chronological periods (days, months, years) to reveal patterns, trends, and anomalies [quotes]
time series - the graphical representation of data points collected sequentially over uniform or consistent intervals of time [defs, quotes, quotes*]
color - the property of objects of producing different sensations on the eye as a result of the way it reflects or emits light [quotes]
size - [quotes]
volume - an amount or quantity of something [quotes]
composition - the process of arranging something into specific proportion or relation
computation - a well-defined type of arithmetic or non-arithmetic calculation [quotes*]
confidence - [quotes*]
connections - [quotes]
constraint - [quotes*]
control - [defs, quotes*]
control flow - [defs]
coordinate - [quotes]
coordinate system - a combination of one or more dimension used to represent the various elements (points, areas)
certainty - [quotes*]
confidence - illustrates the uncertainty of a data point [quotes*]
confidence interval - [quotes*]
uncertainty - the visual representation of the imprecision, variability, or margin of error within a dataset [quotes, quotes*]
criteria - [quotes*]
accuracy - [quotes]
aesthetics - a set of principles concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty in graphical representation [quotes]
beauty - the intersection of function and aesthetics. It refers to designs where visual elegance - through color, layout, and typography - actively enhances the viewer's ability to interpret data, spot patterns, and grasp insights intuitively. [quotes, quotes*]
asymmetry - [quotes *]
completeness - [quotes]
complexity - the state or quality of being intricate or complicated [quotes, quotes*, quotes**]
effectiveness - [quotes]
perfection - [quotes]
simplicity - [quotes, quotes*]
symmetry - the property of an object that remains unchanged after being reflected, rotated or slid [quotes, quotes*]
understandability -
usability -
visibility - the clarity, prominence, and perceptual ease with which key data points, patterns, or dashboard components are displayed [quote]
criticality - [quotes]
criticism - [quotes]
curves - [quotes]
curvature - [quotes]
fractal - a curve or geometrical figure for which each part has the same inherent characteristics as the whole [defs, quotes]
kurtosis - the sharpness of the peak of a frequency-distribution curve [quotes]
slope - angle or steepness of a line segment [quotes]
representation - [quotes]
dashboard - a visual interface that consolidates, organizes, and displays complex data, KPIs/KRIs and other metrics onto a single screen[defs, quotes]
report - a visual display of complex numerical data and statistics, utilizing charts, graphs, and diagrams to make information easily digestible
report snapshot - a visual, frozen picture/snapshot of data taken at a specific point in time [defs]
reporting - [defs, quotes]
reporting model - [defs]
visual - 1) an image or visualization created from data used standalone or accompanying textural or other form of content [quotes]
visual calculation - a type of calculation that's defined and executed directly on a visual
data - [defs, quotes*]
big data [defs*, quotes*]
data characteristics -
density - the degree to which data points are tightly packed within a given area of a chart [quotes]
integrity - [defs]
domain integrity - [defs]
master data - [defs]
master data management (MDM) - [defs]
metadata - data about data [defs, quotes]
missing data - [quotes, quotes*]
multivariate data - [quotes]
reference data - [defs]
semi-structured data [defs]
structured data - [defs]
transactional data - [defs]
unstructured data [defs]
data analysis - [defs, quotes]
data analyst - [quotes*]
exploratory data analysis (EDA) [defs, quotes]
trend analysis [defs]
data analytics - [defs*, quotes]
advanced analytics [defs]
big data analytics [defs]
business intelligence [BI] - [defs, quotes]
collective intelligence -
competitive intelligence -
operational intelligence - [defs]
self-service BI [SSBI] - [defs, quotes]
business analytics [defs]
descriptive analytics [defs]
predictive analytics [defs]
prescriptive analytics [defs]
real-time analytics [RTA[ [defs]
real-time operational analytics [RTOA]
text analytics [defs]
trend analysis [defs]
data architecture - [defs, quotes]
data architect [DA] -
data asset - [defs]
data contract - [defs]
data dictionary - [defs]
data element - [defs]
data fabric - [quotes]
data flow - [defs]
data format - the standardized structure or blueprint used to encode, organize, and store data in a data based, or other type of repository.
Parquet format - an open-source, column-oriented file format designed for efficient data storage and retrieval in big data analytics. [notes]
Delta Parquet - an open-source storage layer built on top of Apache Parquet format that combines the highly efficient, compressed, and columnar storage of Parquet with a transaction log to bring enterprise reliability, ACID transactions, and version control to data lakes
data governance - [defs, quotes]
data lifecycle - [defs]
data lineage - [defs]
data literacy - [defs, quotes*]
audit - [defs]
audit trail [defs]
data management - [defs, quotes]
data security - [defs]
data protection - [defs]
encryption - [defs]
data mining - [defs, quotes*]
text mining [defs]
data mining model - [defs]
data model - [defs, quotes*]
all models are wrong [quotes*]
data modeling - [defs]
good models [quotes*]
the truth in models [quotes*]
data navigation -
drill down - [defs]
drill up - [defs]
data operation - the operational management of data systems to ensure data is stored, protected, and accessible.
data collection - [defs, quotes*]
data compression - [defs]
data definition -
definition - [quotes*]
data discovery - [defs]
discovery - [quotes*]
data exploration - [defs, quotes, quotes*]
data extrapolation - [quotes]
data integration - [defs]
data mapping - [defs]
data matching - [defs]
data migration - [defs]
data preparation - [defs, quotes]
data processing - [defs, quotes]
online analytical processing [OLAP] - [defs]
online transactional processing [OLTP] - [defs]
data profiling - the initial process of analyzing raw data to understand its structure, quality, and content before further use [defs, quotes]
data quality - [defs, quotes]
data cleaning (aka data cleansing) - [defs, quotes*]
data quality dimension - [defs]
accessibility - [defs]
accuracy - [defs, quotes*]
availability - [defs, quotes*
completeness - the state or condition of having all the necessary or appropriate parts or characteristics [defs]
complexity - the characteristic of something that make it difficult to understand [quotes*]
conformity - [defs]
consistency - [defs, quotes*]
granularity (aka data granularity) - [defs]
fuzziness - the quality of being indistinct and without sharp outlines [quotes*]
integrity - [quotes]
referential integrity- [defs]
timeliness - [defs]
usefulness - [quotes]
validity - the degree to which a visual accurately represents the underlying data and translates it into meaningful, truthful insights without distortion, bias, or misleading design choices [defs]
dimension - [quotes]
cardinality - the number of elements corresponding to a dimension
conformal dimension - [defs]
degenerate dimension - [defs]
dimension hierarchy - [defs]
dimensionality - [quotes, quotes*]
role-playing dimension - [defs]
data quality management - [defs]
data validation - [defs]
cross-validation - [defs]
dirty data - [defs]
data scrubbing - [defs]
data sharing - [defs]
data standardization - the process of converting inconsistent raw data into a uniform, comparable format [defs, quotes]
data strategy - [defs, quotes]
data transformation - the process of converting raw, unstructured, or incompatible data into a clean, structured, and (visually) meaningful format [defs]
data pipeline - a collection of scripts, functions or other elements that pass data along in a series of transformations. [defs, quotes]
decoding - [quotes]
encoding/decoding - [quotes, quotes*]
extract, load, transform (ELT) - [defs]
extract, transform, load (ETL) - [defs]
pivot/unpivot - [defs]
transposition -
data validation - the process of verifying that the data is accurate, consistent, and adheres to predefined quality standards [quotes]
cross-validation - [defs]
data virtualization - is the process of creating a unified, virtual layer that lets you access and query data from multiple disparate sources (like SQL databases, cloud apps, and data lakes) without physically moving or copying it [defs]
data visualization - [defs, quotes*]
data stories - [quotes*]
data storytelling - [quotes]
storytelling - the practice of combining data, visuals, and narrative to communicate complex analytical insights [quotes]
myth - [quotes, quotes*]
narrative - [quotes]
story - the narrative structure that connects raw numbers to human understanding [quotes]
decorations - [quotes]
elements -
area - region within a graphical representation, respectively a measure of region's size [quotes]
angle - a visual cue used to represent numerical data, typically as parts of a whole. It determines the size of slices in pie charts and donut charts, where a data point’s proportion dictates the central angle of its corresponding slice. [quotes]
break an intentional gap or discontinuity on a chart’s axis [quotes]
bullet - [quotes]
gap - a missing, incomplete, or unavailable portion of data that creates a break or discontinuity in a chart [quotes]
grid - a structured layout that organizes information (e.g., background reference lines) [quotes]
space - [quotes]
emphasis - the design principle of using contrast to guide the viewer’s attention directly to the most important data point, trend, or insight [quotes]
ink - any visual markings used to display a graphic on a screen or page [quotes]
illustration - the use of pictorial graphics, drawings, or visual embellishments to complement and explain data characteristics [quotes]
icons - [quotes]
image - [quotes]
picture - [quotes]
scorecard - a compact display designed to summarize a KPI, explicitly showing current performance or progress associated with a set target or goal [defs, quotes]
shade - a color mixed with black, making it a darker variation of a base hue, primarily used to represent quantitative data, create gradients, or highlight specific elements without overwhelming the design [quotes]
shape - the geometric markers (e.g. circles, squares, or triangles) used to represent categorical data, or the overall distribution pattern of quantitative datasets (e.g. symmetric or skewed curves [quotes]
style - the aesthetic and functional design choices that shape how data is presented [quotes]
timeline - a graphical way of displaying a list of events in chronological order [quotes]
data wrangling - the process of cleaning, structuring, and mapping raw data into a usable format before visualization or further use
reading - [quotes]
data point - [quotes]
deltas (Δ) - the change or difference between two data points or states that measures the impact, growth, or deviation between variables, baselines, periods, etc.
inflection point -
data repository
data lake - [defs, quotes]
data lakehouse - [quotes]
data mart - [defs, quotes]
data mesh - [defs, quotes]
data product - [defs, quotes*]
data store - [quotes]
operational data store (ODS) - [defs]
data warehouse - [defs, quotes]
data warehousing - [defs]
delta lake - [defs]
data roles -
data steward - [defs]
data stewardship - [defs]
executives - [quotes]
data science - [defs*, quotes*]
conjecture - an opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete information or without proof [quotes*]
data augmentation - [defs]
data classification - [defs, quotes]
k-nearest neighbors [defs, quotes]
data scientist - [quotes*]
simulation - [defs, quotes*]
Monte Carlo simulation [defs, quotes]
data mining -
text mining - [defs, quotes]
data structure - [defs]
dataset - [quotes*]
matrix - [quotes]
snapshot - a frozen, read-only view of data captured at a specific point in time [defs]
set - a graphical representation typically refers to either a set diagram (Venn diagram) illustrating logical relationships, or a graph defined by sets (nodes and edges) [defs]
fuzzy set [defs, quotes]
training set [defs]
tuple - an ordered sequence of elements that uniquely defines a point, a relationship, or a data record
vector - the underlying mathematical structure of the data points being plotted [quotes]
database - [defs, quotes]
database design - [defs]
database objects
index - [quotes]
function - a relation or expression that involves one or more variables, respectively an outcome uniquely defined based on the input values
hash - [defs]
hashing - [defs]
hash function - a function whose output values are all the same (or nearly the same) for the same input values [defs]
system function -
user-defined funtion - routines that accept parameters, perform an action, such as a complex calculation, and return the result of that action as a value. [more]
schema - data's underlying logical structure and organization [defs]
database schema - [defs]
snowflake schema - [defs]
star schema - [defs]
table - [quotes]
delta table - an enhanced, high-performance data table format built on top of standard Parquet files [notes]
dimension table -
fact table - [defs]
in-memory table -
system table -
temporary table (aka temp table) -
time-table - a graphical representation that provides a time-based display of a set of data points that typically have a certain cyclical pattern [quotes]
sequence - a user-defined, schema-bound database object that generates a series of numeric values according to a defined specification.
stored procedure - precompiled SQL code that saved as a (user-defined) objectand reused
view - a specific visual arrangement or configuration of data on a screen, which allows analysts to explore data relationships or communicate insights [quotes]
database management system (DBMS) - [defs]
operational database - [defs]
diagram - [quotes]
arc diagram - method of representing two-dimensional network diagrams to identify co-occurrences in data. Nodes are placed along a single line (a one-dimensional axis) and arcs are used to show connections between those nodes, where the thickness of each arc line can be used to represent frequency between the source and target node [quotes]
causal loop diagram [CLD] - causal diagram that aids in visualizing how different variables in a system are causally interrelated [defs]
cause-effect diagram - a visual tool
used to logically organize possible causes for a specific problem or
effect by graphically displaying them in increasing detail [quotes]
Chord diagram - type of diagram used to visualizes the
inter-relationships between entities that have something in common
(ideal for comparing the similarities within a dataset or between
different groups of data.
data flow diagram - [defs]
dendrogram - a diagram that shows the hierarchical relationship between objects.
diagramming - [quotes]
histogram - diagram that allows to visualize the
distribution of data over a continuous interval or certain time period,
each bar representing the tabulated frequency at each interval/bin.
Besides providing a rough view of the probability distribution,
histograms help estimate where values are concentrated, what the
extremes are, respectively whether there are any gaps or unusual values.
[defs, quotes]
population pyramid - a pair of back-to-back histograms (for each sex) that displays the distribution of a population in all age groups and in both sexes.
multiples (aka small multiples) - multiple images or diagrams of the same quantity for different times or parameter values [quotes]
node-link diagram) - network-like visualization that
shows how things are interconnected through the use of nodes/vertices
and link lines that represent their connections and relationship type.
polar area diagram - see rose chart
Sankey diagram - flow diagram that emphasizes flow/movement/change from one state to another or one time to another, respectively their quantities in proportion to one another.
spike histograms - a variation of a traditional histogram where frequencies are represented by thin vertical lines (spikes) rather than thick, solid bars.
spinogram (spine histogram) - extends a standard histogram by varying the width of the bars to represent frequencies, rather than just their heights
sunburst diagram (aka sunburst chart, ring chart, radial treemap) - visualization that shows a hierarchy through a series of rings, that are sliced for each category node. Each ring corresponds to a level in the hierarchy, with the central circle representing the root node and the hierarchy moving outwards from it.
tree diagram - [quotes]
Venn diagram (aka set diagram) - a diagram that visually displays all the possible logical relationships between a collection of sets [quotes]
error - [quotes*]
type I error - [defs]
type II error - [defs]
errors in statistics - [quotes*]
blunders - [quotes*]
bias - the distortion of a statistical result or fact [quotes, quotes*]
deception - [quotes]
distortion - [quotes]
lying with charts [quotes]
misleading - [quotes]
mistakes - [quotes]
pitfalls - [quotes]
execution - [quotes]
experience - [quotes, quotes*]
explanation - [quotes]
Extract, Transform, Load (ETL) - a core data integration process used to pull raw data from one or multiple disparate sources, clean and bring it into a usable format, respectively store it in a centralized data repository for business analytics.
extraction - the process through which raw data is collected or retrieved from various disparate source systems so it can be further processed
load - the final step where the clean, formatted, and processed data is written into a central target system (e.g. data warehouse, data lake, database or other data repository)
transformation - the process of modifying, restructuring, or mathematically converting raw data to make it compatible with visual formats and easier to interpret [quotes, quotes*]
fact - a thing that is known or proved to be true [quotes*]
figure - 1. a number that is part of (official) statistics or relates to the financial results 2. geometric shape that is a combination of lines, points, or planes [quotes]
circles - [quotes]
circle packing (aka circle treemap) - variation of a treemap that uses circles instead of rectangles, each circle representing a level in the hierarchy.
cube - [defs]
funnel - a multilayered tube-like device that is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, used for guiding and filtering the content toward the bottom, typically as part of a multistep process, though not everything that goes in may reach the bottom
rectangles - [quotes]
forecast - a calculation or estimate of future events [defs, quotes*]
forecasting methods - [defs]
Delphi method - [defs]
projection - an estimate or forecast of a future situation based on a study of present trends, circumstances or other factors [quotes]
framework -
function - the primary purpose, utility, or role a visual graphic plays in translating complex information into easily digestible, actionable insights.
grammar - systematic framework for building graphics by breaking every visualization into a set of fundamental, reusable components [quotes]
structure - the underlying logical framework used to organize, map, and present data points so the human brain can interpret them efficiently [quotes]
function - [quotes]
extreme(s) - the highest (maximum) or lowest (minimum) value that a function attains within a given domain [quotes]
pattern - [defs, quotes, quotes*]
hierarchy - [quotes]
organization - [quotes]
cluster - a group of similar items positioned or occurring closely together [defs, quotes]
cluster analysis - [defs, quotes]
clustering - [quotes*]
K-Means algorithm - [defs]
continuity -
dispersion - [quotes*]
randomness - [quotes*]
self-organization - a process where ordered, complex structures or patterns spontaneously emerge within a chaotic or decentralized system based on local interactions, rather than being directed by an outside controller [defs, quotes]
parts-to-whole - [quotes]
pattern recognition [defs]
fluctuation - an irregular rising and falling in number or amount [quotes]
regularity - the use of patterned structures, symmetry, and repeating elements to help the human brain quickly identify patterns, trends, and outliers [quotes*]
signal - the core underlying message, trend, or meaningful pattern within a dataset [quotes, quotes*]
trend - the general, long-term direction (upward, downward, or steady) of a variable over time or across a sequential dataset [quotes]
spikes - a sudden, sharp, and temporary deviation in a data plot, usually a steep peak or a deep drop [quotes]
goals - an aim or desired result [defs, quotes, quotes*]
good, bad, ugly -
art - any form of visual artistic representation [quotes]
bad - [quotes]
excellence - [quotes]
failure - an act or instance of failing or proving unsuccessful [quotes, quotes*]
good - [quotes]
junk (aka chartjunk) - [quotes]
mastery - [quotes]
success - the degree to which a visual representation allows the audience to quickly comprehend trends, recognize outliers, and make informed decisions without confusion [quotes, quotes*]
ugly - [quotes]
graph - a network of points connected by lines showing the relationships between elements [def, quotes]
area graph - variation of line graphs in which the area below the line is filled with colors or textures; used to display the development of quantitative values over an interval or time period [quotes]
stacked area graphs - graphical representation form that depicts how parts of a whole change over time, showing both the cumulative total and the contribution of each component within that total
braided graph - chart in which the filled areas are sorted in depth order for each position along the time axis.
bullet graphs - a streamlined data visualization designed to track progress against a target or benchmark; developed by Stephen Few as an alternative to dashboard gauges and meters
line graph - used to display quantitative values over a continuous interval or time period. [quotes]
network graph - see network diagram
nomograph (nomogram) - graphical calculating tool that allows solvng a specific mathematical equation visually by using a straightedge to connect known values on two or more scaled lines [quotes]
point graph - see scatterplot
tree - a graphical representation of hierarchical data that displays relationships where a single origin point (the root) connects to child items, which then branch out further [defs]
decision trees - [defs, quotes*]
graphic - [def, quotes]
bad graphics quotes]
graphical elements
clutter - a group of graphical elements that tend to obscure main elements of a graphical representation [quotes]
good graphics [quotes]
infographic - a visual representation of information or data in a graphical form [defs, quotes]
group - a visual technique that clusters related nodes, edges, or data points into a single, cohesive entity. [quotes, quotes*]
bin - the unit of grouping values together [quotes]
binning - a way to group or aggregate numbers or continuous values into a number of bins
Hadoop - [defs]
improvement - [quotes]
independence - [defs, quotes*]
indicator - [defs, quotes]
flow - the visual indicators (usually connecting arrows, directed edges, or lines) that dictate the chronological sequence, direction of movement, or data transfer between steps, nodes, or states [quotes]
index number [quotes]
lagging indicator - [defs]
leading indicator - [defs]
performance indicator (PI) - [defs, quotes]
key performance indicator (KPI) - [defs, quotes, posts]
reference indicator (RI) - [defs, quotes]
key reference indicator (KRI) - [defs, quotes, posts]
information - [defs, quotes, quotes*]
information design - [quotes]
information overload - [defs]
qualitative vs quantitative - [quotes, quotes*]
inquiry - [quotes]
intelligence - [quotes*]
Artificial Intelligence (AI) - the capability of a computer or machine to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence (e.g. learning, reasoning, problem‑solving, perception, decision‑making) [defs, quotes, quotes*]
character recognition -
pattern recognition -
speech recognition - [defs]
business intelligence [defs, quotes]
swarm intelligence [defs, quotes]
interpretation - [quotes]
misinterpretation [quotes]
inquiry - [quotes*]
invariance - [quotes*]
iteration - [quotes*]
junk chart - elements of a chart or graph that do not add value to the data being presented, but risk to distract or confuse the reader [quotes]
laws - [quotes*]
knowledge - [quotes]
label - [quotes]
lakehouse - [defs, quotes]
language - [defs, quotes]
natural language processing (NLP) - [defs, quotes]
leadership - [quotes]
learning - [defs, quotes]
deep learning [defs, quotes*]
learning transfer - [quotes*]
machine learning (ML) - subset of AI that applies algorithms directly to data structured as networks [defs, quotes]
boosting - ML technique that converts a set of simple, low-accuracy models (aka weak learners) into a single, highly accurate predictive model (aka 'strong learner'). sequentially, where each new model is specifically trained to correct the errors made by the models that came before it [quotes*]
propagation - the spreading of something, e.g. signals, data, information, knowledge [quotes]
backpropagation - [ML] a gradient estimation method commonly used for training a neural network to compute its parameter updates [defs]
forward propagation - [ML] the process where raw input data is pushed forward through the network to generate an output or prediction.
regularization - ML technique used to prevent models from overfitting that works by adding a penalty to the loss function during training, which discourages the model from becoming overly complex [defs, quotes]
training - the process of feeding sample data into a ML algorithm so it can learn patterns and make decisions [defs, quotes*]
training data - he dataset used to teach ML models and AI how to make predictions, recognize patterns, or generate content. [quotes*]
reinforcement learning - [quotes*]
semi-supervised learning [defs]
supervised learning [defs]
support vector machine [SVM] - a supervised machine learning algorithm used for classification and regression tasks, particularly used in finding the optimal boundary (a hyperplane) to separate data into different classes by maximizing the margin between them [defs, quotes]
unsupervised learning [defs]
self-organization map - an unsupervised machine learning technique used to visualize and cluster complex, high-dimensional data [defs]
least squares - [quotes*]
linearity - [quotes, quotes*]
nonlinearity - [quotes*]
logarithm - [quotes*]
logarithmic chart - a chart that uses the logarithmic scale [quotes]
logarithmic scale - method used to display numerical values that spans a broad range of values in a nonlinear form
location - [quotes*]
logic -
bimodal logic [defs]
fuzzy logic [defs]
magnitude - [quotes]
gradient - an increase or decrease in the magnitude of a property or characteristics observed in passing from one point or moment to another [defs, quotes]
map - a diagrammatic representation of a geographical area [quotes]
bubble map - a map in which circles are displayed over a designated geographical region with the area of the circle proportional to its value in the dataset. Used for comparing proportions over geographic regions, though large bubbles can overlap other bubbles and regions on the map [quotes]
Choropleth map - a map that allows to visualize values
over a geographical area or regions that are colored, shaded or
patterned in relation to a data variable. [quotes]
circle treemap see circle packing
connection map (aka link map, ray map) - map in which the points are connected by straight or curved lines, and used to display connections and relationships geographically, respectively chain of links.
density map - data visualization technique that uses color gradients to represent the concentration or intensity of data points across a given area [quotes]
dot map (aka point map, dot distribution map, dot density map) - a thematic data visualization used to show the geographic distribution and density of data across a region.
flow map - diagrams that shows the movement of information or objects from one geographical location to another and the corresponding values. [defs]
heatmap - data visualization technique that uses colors to represent the magnitude or intensity of data values [defs, quotes]
knowledge map - a visual or structural representation of how different concepts, data points, or information assets relate to one another [quotes]
mind map - a concept-based diagram used to map associated ideas, words, images and concepts together. [defs]
network map - visual representation of the physical or logical layout of a network-like structure (see network diagram)
process map - see flow chart
tree map - a data visualization tool that displays hierarchical (tree-structured) data using nested rectangles. [quotes]
MapReduce - core programming model used to process massive datasets in parallel across distributed clusters [defs]
matching - [defs, quotes*]
measure - a quantifiable, numerical value used to track, analyze, or calculate data [defs]
correlation - measure that shows how much one set of values depends on another. If the values increase together, they are positively correlated. If the values from one set increase as the other decreases, they are negatively correlated. There is no correlation when a change in one set has nothing to do with a change in the other. [defs, quotes*]
deviation - meatures that shows how much a value differs from a reference point (e.g. target, average, forecast, zero)
standard deviation [defs, quotes*] - meatures that shows how spread out the data is around the mean.
distance - mathematical score that measures how distant and occasionally how similar/dissimilar two data points are [quotes]
overlapping - instances where data points, datasets, or time segments share commonalities, cover the same space, or contain redundancies [quotes]
similarity - [defs, quotes]
self-similarity [defs]
skewness - measures of asymmetry of a data distribution [quotes]
measurement - the systematic process of observing, capturing, and assigning numerical values or categories to real-world phenomena, variables, or events [quotes, quotes*]
metric - a calculated, quantifiable measure used to track and assess the performance, success, health or other aspect of a specific business activity or process over time [defs, quotes]
standard deviation - a visual metric that shows how spread out data points are around their average (mean) [defs, quotes]
proximity - the state of being near in space, time or relationship (one point finds itself in the proximity of another) [quotes]
spread -
variability - the graphical representation of how spread out or dispersed data points are within a dataset [quotes*]
variance - the spread of data points [defs, quotes*]
variation - how spread out, dispersed, or varied data points are from a central average [quotes, quotes*]
noise - random, unwanted, or meaningless data points, variations, or distortions that obscure the true underlying patterns [quotes, quotes*]
models [defs, quotes*]
data model - [defs, quotes]
dimensional model - [defs]
mathematical model - [defs, quotes]
mathematical modeling - [defs, quotes*]
metamodel - [defs, quotes]
modeling - [quotes]
dimension modeling - [defs]
statistical modeling - [quotes*]
probabilistic models - [quotes*]
simulation model - [defs]
truth in models [quotes*]
bad models [quotes*]
good models [quotes*]
overfitting - occurs when a model fits too closely or even exactly to its training data, and thus it can’t make accurate predictions or conclusions when data with new characteristics is introduced [defs*, quotes*]
residual - the difference between an actual observed data point and the value predicted by a statistical model [quotes*]
sensitivity - the degree of responsiveness of a model or chart's output to changes in its input variables [quotes]
sensitivity analysis - [defs, quotes]
network -
Backpropagation network
Bayesian network [defs, quotes*]
generative network [defs]
generative adversarial network [defs]
neural network (NN) [defs, quotes*]
artificial neural network (ANN) [defs]
Boltzmann machine [defs, quotes]
convolutional neural network (CNN) [defs]
recurrent neural network [defs]
semantic network [defs]
supervised network [defs]
semi-supervised network [defs]
unsupervised network [defs]
neuron - [defs]
neural -
perceptron - [defs, quotes]
multilayer perceptron [defs]
normality - the degree to which data follows a bell-shaped, symmetrical probability distribution[quotes*]
normalization - the mathematical scaling or adjusting of data points so they fit into a standardized, comparable range [defs*]
number - [quotes, quotes*]
numeracy - [quotes]
objectivity - [defs, quotes]
opportunity - [quotes]
optimization - [defs, quotes*]
graphical optimization - a visual method for solving math equations like f(x, y) to find a minimum or maximum)
graph optimization - finding the most efficient routes or resource allocations within a network
order - [quotes]
orientation - [quotes]
origin - [quotes]
p-value - [quotes*]
parameter - [quotes*]
partition - [defs, quotes]
percentage - a visual display of a number expressed as a fraction of 100 [quotes]
percentiles & quantiles - division of a dataset into equal parts [quotes*]
planning - [defs, quotes, quotes*]
plausibility - [quotes*]
plot - [quotes]
box plot - data visualization used to display the data distribution through their quartiles [quotes, quotes*]
density plot (aka kernel density plot, density trace graph) -
dot plot - [quotes]
jump plot -
mosaic plot - see mosaic
parallel coordinates plot - type of visualization used for plotting multivariate, numerical data and thus allow for comparing many variables together and seeing the relationships between them
plotting - [quotes]
overplotting - scenario in which the data or labels in a data visualization overlap, making it difficult to distinguish between the individual data points. It occurs when there are either a large number of data points and/or a small number of unique values in the dataset.
resolution - the level of detail, granularity, or frequency at which data is collected and plotted [quotes]
scatterplot (aka scatter/point graph/chart, X-Y plot) - [quotes]
spineplot - variation of bar chart that uses normalized bar lengths while the bar widths are proportional to the number of values in the category.
spiral plot (aka time series spiral) - type of visualization plots time-based data along an Archimedean spiral.
stem and leaf plot (aka stemplot) -
violin plot - the combination of a pox and density plots
used to visualize the distribution of the data and its probability
density [quotes]
position - [quotes]
power - [quotes]
precision - [defs, quotes, quotes*]
presentation - [quotes]
principle - [quotes*]
probability - [quotes*]
frequency - [quotes]
problem - [quotes, quotes*]
problem solving - [quotes*]
procedure - a set of actions that is the official or agreed way of doing something [defs]
algorithm - a step-by-step procedure to solve a problem [defs, quotes*]
genetic algorithm (GA) - [defs]
evolutionary algorithm - [defs]
statistical procedure - [defs]
bootstrapping - [defs, quotes]
prediction - [quotes, quotes*]
process - a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end [quotes]
stochastic process - [defs, quotes]
Markov process - [defs]
quantitative vs. qualitative - [defs, quotes]
quality - [defs, quotes, quotes***]
test - [def]
non-parametric test - [defs]
testing - [quotes]
puzzles - [quotes*]
reality - [quotes]
record -
system of record (SoR) - the authoritative, trusted software or database where an organization’s original data is created, governed, and maintained [defs]
relevance - [quotes]
resolution - [quotes]
research - [defs, quotes, quotes*]
results - [quotes]
risk - [quotes*]
risk analysis - [quotes]
sensitivity analysis [defs]
rules - [quotes]
business rule - [defs]
fuzzy rule - [defs]
ruling - [quotes]
scale - [quotes]
science - [quotes]
the science in data science - [quotes]
sequence - [quotes]
social aspects -
culture - [quotes]
staging (area) - [defs]
standard - a set of core principles designed to make information accurate, clear, and easy to interpret at a glance [quotes*]
standardization - the process of converting data to a common format to enable users to process and analyze it [quotes]
statistics - [quotes, quotes*]
aggregation - [defs, quotes, quotes*]
total - [quotes]
rolling totals -
summary - an aggregation value based on the data that condenses large, complex datasets into easily understandable visual formats [quotes*]
summary statistics - the use of aggregated numerical measures (e.g. means, medians, standard deviations) to represent large datasets in visual formats
Bayesian statistics - [quotes*]
centrality - [quotes*]
averages - [quotes*]
moving average - an indicator that aggregates the values from the neighborhood of a point, divided by the total number of points considered
weighted average -
central limit theorem - [quotes*]
central tendency [quotes*]
descriptive statistics - [defs]
estimation - [quotes*]
parameter estimation [defs]
evidence - [quotes*]
experiment - [quotes*]
feature - a typical or important quality, characteristic or part of something broader [quotes*]
feature extraction - [defs]
feature selection - [defs]
fitting - [quotes*]
overfitting - [defs, quotes*]
underfitting - [quotes*]
regression - the graphical representation of statistical models used to estimate the relationship between a dependent variable (the outcome) and one or more independent variables (the predictors) [defs, quotes*]
regression - [quotes*]
regression analysis - [defs, quotes]
linear regression [defs]
logistic regression [defs]
regression toward the mean - [quotes*]
relation - [quotes, quotes*]
approximation - [quotes, quotes*]
causality - [quotes*]
sample - [quotes*]
sampling - [defs, quotes*]
statistical significance - proves that an observed pattern or difference in data is genuine and unlikely to have occurred by random chance. [quotes, quotes*]
.05 level - [quotes]
statistical techniques -
smoothing - a statistical technique used to remove 'noise' and short-term fluctuations from a dataset, making underlying trends, patterns, and cycles much easier to see [quotes]
statistician - [quotes*]
(mis)usage - [quotes]
usage - [quotes]
weights - statistical adjustments applied to data points to ensure they accurately represent a broader population [quotes, quotes*]
distribution - [defs, quotes, quotes*]
Gaussian distribution - [defs]
normal distribution - [defs, quotes[
hypothesis - [quotes, quotes*]
null hypothesis [quotes*]
hypothesis testing - [quotes*]
theory - [quotes*]
theorems -
central limit theorem - [quotes*]
there's no free lunch - [quotes*]
thinking -
ability - the capacity to visually construct, read, and interpret data through charts, diagrams, and plots [quotes]
abstraction - [defs, quotes*]
action
adaptation - the action or process of adapting a technique to graphical representation contexts [quotes]
analysis - [quotes*]
business analysis - [defs]
cluster analysis - [defs]
data analysis [defs, quotes]
meta-analysis [defs]
regression analysis - [quotes*]
attention - [quotes]
communication - the purposeful process of exchanging signals, data, information or knowledge [quotes]
message - [quotes]
metaphor - a thing or characteristic regarded as representative or symbolic of something else [quotes]
comparison - the act or process of identifying similarities or dissimilarities between distinct items [quotes]
creativity - [quotes*]
decision - [quotes*]
action - [quotes, quotes*]
conclusion - a judgement or decision reached by reasoning [quotes*]
decision-making - [quotes, quotes*]
responsibility - [quotes]
decision support - [defs]
decision support system - [defs, quotes]
decision theory - [quotes*]
deduction -
generalization - a general statement or concept obtained by inference from a set of specific cases, statements, information, knowledge, etc. [defs*, quotes*]
idealization - the action of regarding or representing something under ideal circumstances [quotes, quotes*]
induction - [quotes]
inference - [defs, quotes*]
intuition - [quotes*]
perception - [quotes]
perspective - [quotes]
simplification - [quotes]
thinking elements -
belief - [quotes*]
meaning - [quotes]
semantic - the meaning and context of the data, rather than just its visual appearance or raw numbers [defs, quotes]
trust - [quotes*]
insight - [quotes, quotes*, quotes****]
understanding - the cognitive process of transforming raw, abstract data into meaningful, actionable insights by leveraging the human brain's visual perception system [quotes]
mental elements -
mental processes
deduction - [quotes*]
heuristic - [defs, quotes*]
guessing - [quotes*]
method - [quotes, quotes*]
scientific method - [quotes*]
analogy - [quotes*]
conclusion - [quotes, quotes*]
tool - [quotes, quotes*]
domain - a grouping of data, technology, teams and/or people considered for the same analytical purposes [defs, quotes*]
truth -
ambiguity - [quotes]
assumption - an aspect accepted as true [quotes*]
single version of truth [SVoT]/single source of truth [SSoT] - data identified as trusted and authoritative for key metrics [defs, quotes]
lying with Statitics - the use of deceptive design choices in charts and graphs to distort the underlying data and manipulate the viewer's perception [quotes*]
torturing the data in statistics - the unethical practice of manipulating, analyzing, or mining data until it yields the desired conclusion [quotes]
truth in models [quotes]
persona - a fictional, research-backed profile used to visualize data about a typical target audience member, user, or customer segment
audience - [quotes]
user - [quotes*]
viewer - the person interpreting the data (audience) or a software component used to display the charts [quotes]
value - [quotes]
values - [quotes]
variable - [quotes, quotes*]
continuous variable - [quotes]
discrete variable - [quotes]
event - a specific occurrence, state transition, or action that happens at a precise point in time [quotes*]
convergence - [defs, quotes]
observation - [quotes*]
outlier - value that is atypical within a particular group, class, or category [quotes, quotes*]
rare event - an outlier or an extreme data point that occurs infrequently but carries significant impact [quotes*]
versioning - [quotes**]
word-cloud (tag cloud) - method that displays how frequently words appear in a given body of text, by making the size of each word proportional to its frequency.
writing - [quotes]
confusion - the state of being unclear about something [quotes]
randomization - the process of generating random networks or perturbing existing graphs to test for statistical significance, ensuring that observed network structures are genuine rather than random artifacts [quotes]
rating - [quotes]
speed - [quotes]
(*) Data Science
(**) Data Management
(***) Management
(****) Business Intelligence/Analytics
Resources:
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