"Facts and figures used in computer programs." (Greg Perry, "Sams Teach Yourself Beginning Programming in 24 Hours" 2nd Ed., 2001)
"A representation of facts, concepts, or instructions suitable to permit communication, interpretation, or processing by humans or by automatic means. (2) Used as a synonym for documentation in U.S. government procurement regulations." (Richard D Stutzke, "Estimating Software-Intensive Systems: Projects, Products, and Processes", 2005)
"A recording of facts, concepts, or instructions on a storage medium for communication, retrieval, and processing by automatic means and presentation as information that is understandable by human beings." (William H Inmon, "Building the Data Warehouse", 2005)
"Information documented by a language system representing facts, text, graphics, bitmapped images, sound, and analog or digital live-video segments. Data is the raw material of a system supplied by data producers and is used by information consumers to create information." (Sharon Allen & Evan Terry, "Beginning Relational Data Modeling" 2nd Ed., 2005)
"A term applied to organized information." (Gavin Powell, "Beginning Database Design", 2006)
"Numeric information or facts collected through surveys or polls, measurements or observations that need to be effectively organized for decision making." (Glenn J Myatt, "Making Sense of Data: A Practical Guide to Exploratory Data Analysis and Data Mining", 2006)
"Raw, unrelated numbers or entries, e.g., in a database; raw forms of transactional representations." (Martin J Eppler, "Managing Information Quality" 2nd Ed., 2006)
"Data is a representation of facts, concepts or instructions in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation or processing by humans or automatic means." (S. Sumathi & S. Esakkirajan, "Fundamentals of Relational Database Management Systems", 2007)
"Numeric information or facts collected through surveys or polls, measurements or observations that need to be effectively organized for decision making." (Glenn J Myatt, "Making Sense of Data: A Practical Guide to Exploratory Data Analysis and Data Mining", 2007)
"Hub A common approach for a technical implementation of a service-oriented MDM solution. Data Hubs store and manage some data attributes and the metadata containing the location of data attributes in external systems in order to create a single physical or federated trusted source of information about customers, products, and so on." (Alex Berson & Lawrence Dubov, "Master Data Management and Data Governance", 2010)
"Raw facts, that is, facts that have not yet been processed to reveal their meaning to the end user." (Carlos Coronel et al, "Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management" 9th Ed., 2011)
"Facts represented as text, numbers, graphics, images, sound, or video (with no additional defining context); the raw material used to create information." (Craig S Mullins, "Database Administration: The Complete Guide to DBA Practices and Procedures 2nd Ed", 2012)
"Data are abstract representations of selected characteristics of real-world objects, events, and concepts, expressed and understood through explicitly definable conventions related to their meaning, collection, and storage. We also use the term data to refer to pieces of information, electronically captured, stored (usually in databases), and capable of being shared and used for a range of organizational purposes."(Laura Sebastian-Coleman, "Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement ", 2012)
"Data are abstract representations of selected characteristics of real-world objects, events, and concepts, expressed and understood through explicitly definable conventions related to their meaning, collection, and storage. We also use the term data to refer to pieces of information, electronically captured, stored (usually in databases), and capable of being shared and used for a range of organizational purposes." (Laura Sebastian-Coleman, "Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement", 2013)
"A collection of values assigned to base measures, derived measures and/or indicators." (David Sutton, "Information Risk Management: A practitioner’s guide", 2014)
"Raw facts, that is, facts that have not yet been processed to reveal their meaning to the end user." (Carlos Coronel & Steven Morris, "Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management" 11th Ed., 2014)
"A formalized (meaning suitable for further processing, interpretation and communication) representation of business objects or transactions." (Boris Otto & Hubert Österle, "Corporate Data Quality", 2015)
"Data is a collection of one or more pieces if information." (Robert J Glushko, "The Discipline of Organizing: Professional Edition, 4th Ed", 2016)
"Facts about events, objects, and associations. Example: data about a sale would include date, amount, and method of payment." (Gregory Lampshire, "The Data and Analytics Playbook", 2016)
"Discrete, unorganized, unprocessed measurements or raw observations." (Project Management Institute, "A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide )", 2017)
"Any values from an application that can be transformed into facts and eventually information.." (Piethein Strengholt, "Data Management at Scale", 2020)
"A set of collected facts. There are two basic kinds of numerical data: measured or variable data … and counted or attribute data." (ASQ)
"A representation of information as stored or transmitted." (NISTIR 4734)
"A representation of information, including digital and non-digital formats." (NIST Privacy Framework Version 1.0)
"A variable-length string of zero or more (eight-bit) bytes." (NIST SP 800-56B Rev. 2)
"Any piece of information suitable for use in a computer." (NISTIR 7693)
"(1) Anything observed in the documentation or operation of software that deviates from expectations based on previously verified software products or reference documents.(2) A representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a manner suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing by humans or by automatic means." (IEEE 610.5-1990)
"Data may be thought of as unprocessed atomic statements of fact. It very often refers to systematic collections of numerical information in tables of numbers such as spreadsheets or databases. When data is structured and presented so as to be useful and relevant for a particular purpose, it becomes information available for human apprehension. See also knowledge." (Open Data Handbook)
"Distinct pieces of digital information that have been formatted in a specific way." (NIST SP 800-86)
"Information in a specific representation, usually as a sequence of symbols that have meaning." (CNSSI 4009-2015 IETF RFC 4949 Ver 2)
"Pieces of information from which “understandable information” is derived." (NIST SP 800-88 Rev. 1)
“re-interpretable representation of information in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing” (ISO 11179)
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