Information Security: Cybersecurity (Definitions)

 "The art of ensuring the existence and continuity of the Information Society of a nation, guaranteeing and protecting, in Cyberspace, its information assets and critical infrastructure." (Claudia Canongia & Raphael Mandarino, "Cybersecurity: The New Challenge of the Information Society", 2012)

"The act of protecting technology, information, and networks from attacks." (Jason Williamson, "Getting a Big Data Job For Dummies", 2015)

"The practice of protecting computers and electronic communication systems as well as the associated information." (Weiss, "Auditing IT Infrastructures for Compliance" 2nd Ed., 2015)

"Cybersecurity deals with damage to, unauthorized use of, exploitation of electronic information and communications systems that ensure confidentiality, integrity and availability." (Sanjukta Pookulangara, "Cybersecurity: What Matters to Consumers - An Exploratory Study", 2016)

"Focuses on protecting computers, networks, programs and data from unintended or unauthorized access, change or destruction." (Kimberly Lukin, "Russian Cyberwarfare Taxonomy and Cybersecurity Contradictions between Russia and EU", 2016)

"The activity or process, ability or capability, or state whereby information and communications systems and the information contained therein are protected from and/or defended against damage, unauthorized use or modification, or exploitation." (Olivera Injac & Ramo Šendelj, "National Security Policy and Strategy and Cyber Security Risks", 2016)

"The ability to protect against the unauthorized use of electronic data and malicious activity. This electronic data can be personal customer information such as names, addresses, social security numbers, credit cards, and debit cards, to name a few." (Brittany Bullard, "Style and Statistics", 2016)

"A trustworthiness property concerned with the protection of systems from cyberattacks." (O Sami Saydjari, "Engineering Trustworthy Systems: Get Cybersecurity Design Right the First Time", 2018)

"Information security (infosec) but broadly referring to technology and human systems that are built around the secure exchange, storage, and management of information." (Shalin Hai-Jew, "Safe Distances: Online and RL Hyper-Personal Relationships as Potential Attack Surfaces", 2018)

"Is defined as the collection of tools, policies, security concepts, security safeguards, guidelines, risk management approaches, actions, training, best practices, assurance and technologies that can be used to protect the cyber environment, organization, and user assets." (Thokozani I Nzimakwe, "Government's Dynamic Approach to Addressing Challenges of Cybersecurity in South Africa", 2018)

"Protection against criminal access to one’s data and information and against criminal manipulation of computer networks/data/systems." (Shalin Hai-Jew, "Beware!: A Multimodal Analysis of Cautionary Tales in Strategic Cybersecurity Messaging Online", 2018)

"The collection of tools, policies, security concepts, security safeguards, guidelines, risk management approaches, actions, training, best practices, assurance, and technologies that can be used to protect the cyberspace environment and organization and users’ assets." (William Stallings, "Effective Cybersecurity: A Guide to Using Best Practices and Standards", 2018)

"The organization and collection of resources, processes, and structures used to protect cyberspace from occurrences that misalign de jure from de facto property rights." (Mika Westerlund et al, "A Three-Vector Approach to Blind Spots in Cybersecurity", 2018)

"A computing-based discipline involving technology, people, information, and processes to enable assured operations. It involves the creation, operation, analysis, and testing of secure computer systems. It is an interdisciplinary course of study, including aspects of law, policy, human factors, ethics, and risk management in the context of adversaries." (Matt Bishop et al, "Cybersecurity Curricular Guidelines", 2019)

"Acts taken, technologies created and deployed, policies written and enacted, to protect computer systems and networks against misuse, intrusion, and exploitation." (Shalin Hai-Jew, "The Electronic Hive Mind and Cybersecurity: Mass-Scale Human Cognitive Limits to Explain the “Weakest Link” in Cybersecurity", 2019)

"Also known as computer security or IT security, is the protection of computer systems from the theft or damage to the hardware, software or the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide." (Soraya Sedkaoui, "Big Data Analytics for Entrepreneurial Success", 2019)

"Includes process, procedures, technologies, and controls designed to protect systems, networks, and data." (Sandra Blanke et al, "How Can a Cybersecurity Student Become a Cybersecurity Professional and Succeed in a Cybersecurity Career?", 2019)

"The protection of computer systems from theft and damage to their assets and from manipulation and distraction of their services." (Viacheslav Izosimov & Martin Törngren, "Security Awareness in the Internet of Everything", 2019)

"The protection of internet-connected systems including hardware, software, and data from cyberattacks."  (Semra Birgün & Zeynep Altan, "A Managerial Perspective for the Software Development Process: Achieving Software Product Quality by the Theory of Constraints", 2019)

"Cybersecurity is seen where security alerts and cyber-attacks are becoming more frequent and malicious, these threats include private access attempts and exploitation software or phishing, malware, web application attacks, and network penetration." (Theunis G Pelser & Garth Gaffley, "Implications of Digital Transformation on the Strategy Development Process for Business Leaders", 2020)

"Is the protection of internet-connected systems, including hardware, software and data, from cyberattacks. In a computing context, security comprises cybersecurity and physical security - both are used by enterprises to protect against unauthorized access to data centers and other computerized systems." (Alexander A Filatov, "Sovereign Bureaucrats vs. Global Tech Companies: Ethical and Regulatory Challenges", 2020)

"It is a general term which describes technologies, processes, methods, and practices for the purpose of protection of internet-connected information systems from attacks, i.e., cyberattacks. Cybersecurity can refer to security of data, software or hardware within information systems." (Ana Gavrovska & Andreja Samčović, "Intelligent Automation Using Machine and Deep Learning in Cybersecurity of Industrial IoT: CCTV Security and DDoS Attack Detection", 2020)

"Cybersecurity is an act to protect data, devices, applications, servers, network from the malicious attack through various tools and techniques. The process also ensures the confidentiality, integrity, availability, and non-repudiation of the content." (Shafali Agarwal, "Preserving Information Security Using Fractal-Based Cryptosystem", 2021)

"Cybersecurity refers to the set of technologies, processes, and practices designed to safeguard networks, devices, programs, and data from attack, threats, or unauthorized access." (Sanjeev Rao et al, "Online Social Networks Misuse, Cyber Crimes, and Counter Mechanisms", 2021)

"It is the organization and collection of resources, processes, and structures used to protect cyberspace from security events." (Carlos A M S Teles et al, "A Black-Box Framework for Malicious Traffic Detection in ICT Environments", Handbook of Research on Cyber Crime and Information Privacy, 2021)

"Prevention of damage to, protection of, and restoration of computers, electronic communications systems, electronic communications services, wire communication, and electronic communication, including information contained therein, to ensure its availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and nonrepudiation." (CNSSI 4009-2015)

"The ability to protect or defend the use of cyberspace from cyber attacks." (NISTIR 8170)

"The prevention of damage to, unauthorized use of, exploitation of, and - if needed - the restoration of electronic information and communications systems, and the information they contain, in order to strengthen the confidentiality, integrity and availability of these systems." (NISTIR 8074 Vol. 2)

"The process of protecting information by preventing, detecting, and responding to attacks." (NISTIR 8183)

IT: Internet of Things (Definitions)

"A term used to describe the community or collection of people and items that use the Internet to communicate with other." (Kenneth A Shaw, "Integrated Management of Processes and Information", 2013)

"The embedding of objects with sensors, coupled with the ability of objects to communicate, driving an explosion in the growth of big data." (Brenda L Dietrich et al, "Analytics Across the Enterprise", 2014)

"The Internet of Things entails the aim of all physical or uniquely identifiable objects being connected through wired and wireless networks. In this notion, every object would be virtually represented. Connecting objects in this way offers a whole new universe of possibilities. Real-time analysis of big data streams could enhance productivity and safety of systems (for example, roadways and cars being part of the Internet of Things could help to manage traffic flow). It can also make everyday life more convenient and sustainable (such as connecting all household devices to save electricity)." (Martin Hoegl et al, "Using Thematic Thinking to Achieve Business Success, Growth, and Innovation", 2014)

"IOT refers to a network of machines that have sensors and are interconnected enabling them to collect and exchange data. This interconnection enables devices to be controlled remotely resulting in process efficiencies and lower costs." (Saumya Chaki, "Enterprise Information Management in Practice", 2015)

"An interconnected network of physical devices, vehicles, buildings, and other items embedded with sensors that gather and share data." (Jonathan Ferrar et al, "The Power of People: Learn How Successful Organizations Use Workforce Analytics To Improve Business Performance", 2017)

"Ordinary devices that are connected to the Internet at any time, anywhere, via sensors." (Jason Williamson, "Getting a Big Data Job For Dummies", 2015)

"Also referred to as IoT. Term that describes the connectivity of objects to the Internet and the ability for these objects to send and receive data from each other." (Brittany Bullard, "Style and Statistics", 2016)

"computing or 'smart' devices often with ­sensor capability and the ability to collect, share, and transfer data using the Internet." (Daniel J. Power & Ciara Heavin, "Data-Based Decision Making and Digital Transformation", 2018)

"The wide-scale deployment of small, low-power computing devices into everyday devices, such as thermostats, refrigerators, clothing, and even into people themselves to continuously monitor health." (O Sami Saydjari, "Engineering Trustworthy Systems: Get Cybersecurity Design Right the First Time", 2018)

"A network of physical objects that have, like cell phones and laptops, internet connectivity enabling automatic communication between them and any other machine connected to the internet without human intervention." (Sue Milton, "Data Privacy vs. Data Security", 2021)

"Integration of various processes such as identifying, sensing, networking, and computation." (Revathi Rajendran et al, "Convergence of AI, ML, and DL for Enabling Smart Intelligence: Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Internet of Things", 2021)

"It is an interdisciplinary field who is associated with the electronics and computer science. Electronics deals with the development of new sensors or hardware for IoT device and computer science deals with the development of software, protocols and cloud based solution to store the data generated form these IoT devices."  (Ajay Sharma, "Smart Agriculture Services Using Deep Learning, Big Data, and IoT", 2021)

"IoT is a network of real-world objects which consists of sensors, software, and other technologies to exchange data with the other systems over the internet." (Hari K Kondaveeti et al, "Deep Learning Applications in Agriculture: The Role of Deep Learning in Smart Agriculture", 2021)

"This refers to a system of inter-connected computing and smart devices, that are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human interaction." (Wissam Abbass et al, "Internet of Things Application for Intelligent Cities: Security Risk Assessment Challenges", 2021)

"describes the network where sensing elements such as sensors, cameras, and devices are increasingly linked together via the internet to connect, communicate and exchange information." (Accenture)

"ordinary devices that are connected to the internet at any time anywhere via sensors." (Analytics Insight)

"Technologies that enable objects and infrastructure to interact with monitoring, analytics, and control systems over internet-style networks." (Forrester)

IT: Cloud (Definitions)

"A set of computers, typically maintained in a data center, that can be allocated dynamically and accessed remotely. Unlike a cluster, cloud computers are typically managed by a third party and may host multiple applications from different, unrelated users." (Michael McCool et al, "Structured Parallel Programming", 2012)

"A network that delivers requested virtual resources as a service." (IBM, "Informix Servers 12.1", 2014)

"A secure computing environment accessed via the Internet." (Faithe Wempen, "Computing Fundamentals: Introduction to Computers", 2015)

"Products and services managed by a third-party company and made available through the Internet." (David K Pham, "From Business Strategy to Information Technology Roadmap", 2016)

"It has the ability to offer and to assist any kind of useful information without any limitations for users." (Shigeki Sugiyama. "Human Behavior and Another Kind in Consciousness: Emerging Research and Opportunities", 2019)

"Remote server and distributed computing environment used to store data and provision computing related services as and when needed on a pay-as-you-go basis." (Wissam Abbass et al, "Internet of Things Application for Intelligent Cities: Security Risk Assessment Challenges", 2021)

"The virtual world in which information technology tools and services are available for hire, use and storage via the internet, Wi-Fi and physical attributes ranging from IT components to data storage." (Sue Milton, "Data Privacy vs. Data Security", 2021)

"uses a network of remote servers hosted on the internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than requiring a local server or a personal computer." (Accenture)

W3: Cyberspace (Definitions)

"A term used to describe the nonphysical, virtual world of computers." (Andy Walker, "Absolute Beginner’s Guide To: Security, Spam, Spyware & Viruses", 2005)

"A metaphoric abstraction for a virtual reality existing inside computers and on computer networks." (DAMA International, "The DAMA Dictionary of Data Management", 2011)

"The online world of computer networks where people can interact with others without physically being with them. People commonly interact with cyberspace via the Internet." (Darril Gibson, "Effective Help Desk Specialist Skills", 2014)

"The interdependent network of information technology infrastructures, which includes the Internet, telecommunications networks, computer systems, and embedded processors and controllers." (Olivera Injac & Ramo Šendelj, "National Security Policy and Strategy and Cyber Security Risks", 2016)

"A complex hyper-dimensional space involving the state of many mutually dependent computer and network systems with complex and often surprising properties as compared to physical space." (O Sami Saydjari, "Engineering Trustworthy Systems: Get Cybersecurity Design Right the First Time", 2018)

"Artifacts based on or dependent on computer and communications technology; the information that these artifacts use, store, handle, or process; and the interconnections among these various elements." (William Stallings, "Effective Cybersecurity: A Guide to Using Best Practices and Standards", 2018)

"Refers to a physical and non-physical terrain created by and/or composed of some or all of the following: computers, computer systems, networks, and their computer programs, computer data, content data, traffic data, and users." (Thokozani I Nzimakwe, "Government's Dynamic Approach to Addressing Challenges of Cybersecurity in South Africa", 2018)

"Cyberspace, is supposedly 'virtual' world/network created by links between computers, Internet-enabled devices, servers, routers, and other components of the Internet’s infrastructure." (Sanjeev Rao et al, "Online Social Networks Misuse, Cyber Crimes, and Counter Mechanisms", 2021)