Data Science: Semantic Network (Definitions)

"We define a semantic network as 'the collection of all the relationships that concepts have to other concepts, to percepts, to procedures, and to motor mechanisms' of the knowledge." (John F Sowa, "Conceptual Structures", 1984)

"A graph for knowledge representation where concepts are represented as nodes in a graph and the binary semantic relations between the concepts are represented by named and directed edges between the nodes. All semantic networks have a declarative graphical representation that can be used either to represent knowledge or to support automated systems for reasoning about knowledge." (László Kovács et al, "Ontology-Based Semantic Models for Databases", 2009)

"A graph structure useful to represent the knowledge of a domain. It is composed of a set of objects, the graph nodes, which represent the concepts of the domain, and relations among such objects, the graph arches, which represent the domain knowledge. The semantic networks are also a reasoning tool as it is possible to find relations among the concepts of a semantic network that do not have a direct relation among them. To this aim, it is enough 'to follow the arrows' of the network arches that exit from the considered nodes and find in which node the paths meet." (Mario Ceresa, "Clinical and Biomolecular Ontologies for E-Health", Handbook of Research on Distributed Medical Informatics and E-Health, 2009)

"A form of visualization consisting of vertices (concepts) and directed or undirected edges (relationships)." (DAMA International, "The DAMA Dictionary of Data Management", 2011)

"A term used in computer language processing and in RF and OWL to refer to concepts linked by relationships. Memory maps are an informal example of a semantic network." (Kate Taylor, "A Common Sense Approach to Interoperability", 2011)

"nodes, encapsulating data and information, are connected by edges which include information about how these nodes are related to one another." (Simon Boese et al, "Semantic Document Networks to Support Concept Retrieval", 2014)

"A knowledge representation technique that represents the relationships among objects" (Nell Dale & John Lewis, "Computer Science Illuminated" 6th Ed., 2015)

"A knowledge base that represents semantic relations between concepts. Formally, the underlying representation model is a directed graph consisting of nodes, which represent concepts, and links, which represent semantic relations between concepts, mapping or connecting semantic fields." (Dmitry Korzun et al, "Semantic Methods for Data Mining in Smart Spaces", 2019)

"A knowledge base that represents semantic relations between concepts in a network. The model of knowledge representation is based on a directed or undirected graph consisting of vertices, which represent concepts, and edges, which represent semantic relations between concepts, mapping or connecting semantic fields." (Svetlana E Yalovitsyna et al, "Smart Museum: Semantic Approach to Generation and Presenting Information of Museum Collections", 2020)

Data Science: Semantics (Definitions)

 "The meaning of a model that is well-formed according to the syntax of a language." (Anneke Kleppe et al, "MDA Explained: The Model Driven Architecture: Practice and Promise", 2003)

"The part of language concerned with meaning. For example, the phrases 'my mother’s brother' and 'my uncle' are two ways of saying the same thing and, therefore, have the same semantic value." (Craig F Smith & H Peter Alesso, "Thinking on the Web: Berners-Lee, Gödel and Turing", 2008)

"The study of meaning (often the meaning of words). In business systems we are concerned with making the meaning of data explicit (structuring unstructured data), as well as making it explicit enough that an agent could reason about it." (Danette McGilvray, "Executing Data Quality Projects", 2008)

"The branch of philosophy concerned with describing meaning." (David C Hay, "Data Model Patterns: A Metadata Map", 2010)

"Having to do with meaning, usually of words and/or symbols (the syntax). Part of semiotic theory." (DAMA International, "The DAMA Dictionary of Data Management", 2011)

"The study of the meaning behind the syntax (signs and symbols) of a language or graphical expression of something. The semantics can only be understood through the syntax. The syntax is like the encoded representation of the semantics." (DAMA International, "The DAMA Dictionary of Data Management", 2011)

"The study of meaning. In the context of Big Data, semantics is the technique of creating meaningful assertions about data objects. A meaningful assertion, as used here, is a triple consisting of an identified data object, a data value, and a descriptor for the data value. In practical terms, semantics involves making assertions about data objects (i.e., making triples), combining assertions about data objects (i.e., merging triples), and assigning data objects to classes; hence relating triples to other triples. As a word of warning, few informaticians would define semantics in these terms, but I would suggest that most definitions for semantics would be functionally equivalent to the definition offered here." (Jules H Berman, "Principles of Big Data: Preparing, Sharing, and Analyzing Complex Information", 2013)

"Set of mappings forming a representation in order to define the meaningful information of the data." (Hamid R Arabnia et al, "Application of Big Data for National Security", 2015)

"Semantics is a branch of linguistics focused on the meaning communicated by language." (Alex Thomas, "Natural Language Processing with Spark NLP", 2020)

DBMS: Semantic Data Model (Definitions)

"Semantic data model provides a vocabulary for expressing the meaning as well as the structure of database data." (S. Sumathi & S. Esakkirajan, "Fundamentals of Relational Database Management Systems", 2007)

"A design tool for databases that uses concept-level language elements. The main role of semantic models is that they can provide an abstract approach; they are easy to understand and they provide database independence." (László Kovács et al, "Ontology-Based Semantic Models for Databases", 2009) 

"A high level data model. It is usually based on concepts and it uses a graphical formalism. It contains only the key, the semantic properties of the data structure. It does not cover the details of the implementation." (László Kovács & Tanja Sieber, "Multi-Layered Semantic Data Models",  Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, 2009)

"A conceptual data model that provides structure and defines meaning for non-tabular data, making that meaning explicit enough that a human or software agent can reason about it." (DAMA International, "The DAMA Dictionary of Data Management", 2011)

"A semantic data model is a conceptual data model with semantic information included." (Michael M David & Lee Fesperman, "Advanced SQL Dynamic Data Modeling and Hierarchical Processing", 2013)

"The first of a series of data models that more closely represented the real world, modeling both data and their relationships in a single structure known as an object. The SDM, published in 1981, was developed by M. Hammer and D. McLeod." (Carlos Coronel & Steven Morris, "Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management" 11th  Ed., 2014)

"The development of descriptions and representations of data in such a way that the latter’s meaning is explicit, accurate, and commonly understood by both humans and computer systems." (Panos Alexopoulos, "Semantic Modeling for Data", 2020)

"The semantic data model is a method of structuring data in order to represent it in a specific logical way. It is a conceptual data model that includes semantic information that adds a basic meaning to the data and the relationships that lie between them. This approach to data modeling and data organization allows for the easy development of application programs and also for the easy maintenance of data consistency when data is updated." (Techopedia) [source]

W3: Semantic Web (Definitions)

"The Web of data with meaning in the sense that a computer program can learn enough about what the data  means to process it." (Tim Berners-Lee, "Weaving the Web", 1999)

"An evolving, collaborative effort led by the W3C whose goal is to provide a common framework that will allow data to be shared and re-used across various applications as well as across enterprise and community boundaries." (J P Getty Trust, "Introduction to Metadata" 2nd Ed, 2008)

"Communication protocols and standards that would include descriptions of the item on the Web such as people, documents, events, products, and organizations, as well as, relationship between documents and relationships between people." (Craig F Smith & H Peter Alesso, "Thinking on the Web: Berners-Lee, Gödel and Turing", 2008)

"The Web of data with meaning in the sense that a computer program can learn enough about what the data means to process it. The principle that one should represent separately the essence of a document and the style is presented." (Craig F Smith & H Peter Alesso, "Thinking on the Web: Berners-Lee, Gödel and Turing", 2008)

"A machine-processable web of smart data, [where] smart data is data that is application-independent, composeable, classified, and part of a larger information ecosystem (ontology)." (David C Hay, "Data Model Patterns: A Metadata Map", 2010)

"An evolving extension of the Web in which Web content can be expressed not only in natural language but also in a form that can be understood, interpreted, and used by intelligent computer software agents, permitting them to find, share, and integrate information more easily." (Linda Volonino & Efraim Turban, "Information Technology for Management" 8th Ed., 2011)

"The next-generation Internet in which all content is tagged with semantic tags defined in published ontologies. Interlinking these ontologies will allow software agents to reason about information not directly connected by document creators." (DAMA International, "The DAMA Dictionary of Data Management", 2011)

"is a term coined by World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) director Sir Tim Berners-Lee. It describes methods and technologies to allow machines to understand the meaning - or 'semantics'- of information on the World Wide Web." (Jingwei Cheng et al, "RDF Storage and Querying: A Literature Review", 2016)

"The vision of a Semantic Web world builds upon the web world, but adds some further prescriptions and constraints for how to structure descriptions. The Semantic Web world unifies the concept of a resource as it has been developed in this book, with the web notion of a resource as anything with a URI. On the Semantic Web, anything being described must have a URI. Furthermore, the descriptions must be structured as graphs, adhering to the RDF metamodel and relating resources to one another via their URIs. Advocates of Linked Data further prescribe that those descriptions must be made available as representations transferred over HTTP." (Robert J Glushko, "The Discipline of Organizing: Professional Edition" 4th Ed., 2016)

"A collaborative effort to enable the publishing of semantic machine-readable and shareable data on the Web." (Panos Alexopoulos, "Semantic Modeling for Data", 2020)