Performance Management: Productivity (Just the Quotes)

"The productivity of a work group seems to depend on how the group members see their own goals in relation to the goals of the organization." (Paul Hersey & Kenneth H Blanchard, "Management of Organizational Behavior", 1972)

"When companies see their productivity drop, they should ask how they can improve jobs, and not merely by setting up new productivity targets but also by sharing gains with workers and responding to their needs." (Jerome M Rosow, "Management", 1976)

"The productivity of work is not the responsibility of the worker but of the manager." (Peter F Drucker, "Management in Turbulent Times", 1980)

"Stressing output is the key to improving productivity, while looking to increase activity can result in just the opposite." (Andrew S Grove, "High Output Management", 1983)

"Operating managers should in no way ignore short-term performance imperatives [when implementing productivity improvement programs.] The pressures arise from many sources and must be dealt with. Moreover, unless managers know that the day-to-day job is under control and improvements are being made, they will not have the time, the perspective, the self-confidence, or the good working relationships that are essential for creative, realistic strategic thinking and decision making." (Robert H Schaefer, Harvard Business Review, 1986)

"Opportunities abound for linking productivity to business strategy." (John L Grahn, Harvard Business Review, 1986)

"Productivity is closely tied to morale, and morale is a reflection of how people see themselves. If you can improve your employees' perceptions of themselves, you can improve their morale and thereby boost productivity." (Howard Hurst, Personnel Journal, 1986)

"The way to get higher productivity is to train better managers and have fewer of them." (William Woodside, "Thriving on Chaos", 1987)

"A good part of the problem [poor productivity ...] lies with the current accounting system, which sort of makes overhead disappear - it simply gets added into the cost of a product, like a tax." (Paul Strassmann, Inc. Magazine, 1988)

"Even when you have skilled, motivated, hard-working people, the wrong team structure can undercut their efforts instead of catapulting them to success. A poor team structure can increase development time, reduce quality, damage morale, increase turnover, and ultimately lead to project cancellation." (Steve McConnell, "Rapid Development", 1996)

"It's better to wait for a productive programmer to become available than it is to wait for the first available programmer to become productive." (Steve McConnell, "Software Project Survival Guide", 1997)

"Today’s big companies do very little to enhance the productivity of their professionals. In fact, their vertically oriented organization structures, retrofitted with ad hoc and matrix overlays, nearly always make professional work more complex and inefficient." (Lowell L Bryan & Claudia Joyce, "The 21st century organization", 2005)

"Productivity is the name of the game, and gains in productivity will only come when better understanding and better relationships exist between management and the work force. [...] Managers have traditionally developed the skills in finance, planning, marketing and production techniques. Too often the relationships with their people have been assigned a secondary role. This is too important a subject not to receive first-line attention." (William Hewlett, "The Human Side of Management", [speech])

Performance Management: Alfred Thompson's “Over-Educated, Yet Under-Qualified?” [1] (Answer)

Performance Management Series

In schools the accent is on theory and algorithms, the small projects target the learning of a technology, their complexity and difficulties involved being quite small when compared with real life applications. Taking an application from design to production and later during support phase requires time and the mix of knowledge from different fields, thing quite difficult to do in a school project, while the structural context in an organization, the requirements and work in a team, is again quite different. Going above the basic features of a programming language takes time, it depends on the learning curve of the programming language and the capacity of the learner, on the complexity of the tasks approached and on the knowledge (made) available. 

I can’t say that schools can do much in this direction because it’s quite difficult to cover all the aspects in just 8-20 classes, in which the students are introduced into the concepts and some basic applications. What the schools could do in order to support their students is to provide the required infrastructure (mainly computers), bring the technologies and learning material up to date, direct gradually the focus from theory to applicability, and eventually support users getting some additional experience in organizations. It’s in students’ attribution to make most of the learning experience in schools, though often even if the want, need and infrastructure is there, fighting with the lack of time is quite hard.

One of the tough realities in IT is that it takes time to link the dots, and as you already highlighted, it takes about a year before a college/university graduate to become really productive. Now I have to say that this depends also on the organization’s culture/environment, on how it supports the learning process, how it helps the new comer to become part of the team and become productive. I’m saying that because I’ve seen companies doing minimum in this direction, just expecting the new comer to catch everything on the fly and be productive in a matter of weeks. 

Those working in IT for a longer time know that is not entirely possible, though there are also some exceptions. There are also organizations that train the new comers, introduce them into tasks evolving in complexity based on each person’s skills, provide resources (software tools, books, courses and other type of learning material) and an environment that facilitates learning. Having time allocated for learning new things, participating in activities that allow the distribution of knowledge within a team, having professionals whom you could ask questions or who could mentor you through the learning process, I consider all these as being essential for a modern IT organization.

The theory learned in schools need to be supported by hand-on experience in order to make most of the learning process, IT organizations are maybe the best places to do that, though I’m not sure how much that is possible. There are schools, organizations and governments that support this type of learning, though, unfortunately is not everywhere possible to do that or at least not for everybody. I think it’s in everybody’s interest to make most of the learning process, for schools to have highly skilled graduates, for organizations to have productive employees, a pool of college graduates resources from where they could select potential employees, for students to be skilled, and thus have higher chances of finding a job, while for governments this could lead in theory to a smaller unemployment rate. I find important the constructive involvement of all parties; now, I wonder how many schools, organizations or governments are trying to do something, change something into this direction.

References:
[1] Alfred Thompson (2010) “Over-Educated, Yet Under-Qualified?”

Software Engineering: Programmers (Just the Quotes)

"Programmers should never be satisfied with languages which permit them to program everything, but to program nothing of interest easily." (Alan Perlis, "The Synthesis of Algorithmic Systems", 1966)

"The competent programmer is fully aware of the strictly limited size of his own skull; therefore he approaches the programming task in full humility, and among other things he avoids clever tricks like the plague." (Edsger W Dijkstra, "The Humble Programmer", 1972) 

"The effective exploitation of his powers of abstraction must be regarded as one of the most vital activities of a competent programmer." (Edsger W Dijkstra, "The Humble Programmer", 1972)

"The beginning of wisdom for a programmer is to recognize the difference between getting his program to work and getting it right. A program which does not work is undoubtedly wrong; but a program which does work is not necessarily right. It may still be wrong because it is hard to understand; or because it is hard to maintain as the problem requirements change; or because its structure is different from the structure of the problem; or because we cannot be sure that it does indeed work." (Michael A Jackson, "Principles of Program Design", 1975)

"The programmer, like the poet, works only slightly removed from pure thought-stuff. He builds his castles in the air, from air, creating by exertion of the imagination. Few media of creation are so flexible, so easy to polish and rework, so readily capable of realizing grand conceptual structures. […] Yet the program construct, unlike the poet's words, is real in the sense that it moves and works, producing visible outputs separate from the construct itself. […] The magic of myth and legend has come true in our time. One types the correct incantation on a keyboard, and a display screen comes to life, showing things that never were nor could be." (Fred Brooks, The Mythical Man-Month: Essays, 1975) 

"There is no programming language, no matter how structured, that will prevent programmers from making bad programs. (Larry Flon, "On research in structured programming". SIGPLAN Not. 10(10), 1975)

"The computer programmer is a creator of universes for which he alone is the lawgiver. No playwright, no stage director, no emperor, however powerful, has ever exercised such absolute authority to arrange a stage or field of battle and to command such unswervingly dutiful actors or troops." (Joseph Weizenbaum, "Computer Power and Human Reason", 1976)

"Any fool can write code that a computer can understand. Good programmers write code that humans can understand." (Martin Fowler, "Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code", 1999)

"Good programmers know what to write. Great ones know what to rewrite." (Eric S Raymond, "The Cathedral and the Bazaar", 1999)

"Computer programming is tremendous fun. Like music, it is a skill that derives from an unknown blend of innate talent and constant practice. Like drawing, it can be shaped to a variety of ends – commercial, artistic, and pure entertainment. Programmers have a well-deserved reputation for working long hours, but are rarely credited with being driven by creative fevers. Programmers talk about software development on weekends, vacations, and over meals not because they lack imagination, but because their imagination reveals worlds that others cannot see." (Larry O'Brien & Bruce Eckel, "Thinking in C#", 2003)

"One of the worst symptoms of a dysfunctional team is when each programmer builds a wall around his code and refuses to let other programmers touch it." (Robert C Martin,"The Clean Coder: A code of conduct for professional programmers", 2011)

"It is not loyalty or internal motivation that drives us programmers forward. We must write our code when the road to our personal success is absolutely clear for us and writing high quality code obviously helps us move forward on this road. To make this happen, the management has to define the rules of the game, also known as "process", and make sure they are strictly enforced, which is much more difficult than 'being agile'." (Yegor Bugayenko, "Code Ahead", 2018)

"Automated testing is a safety net that protects the program from its programmers." (Yegor Bugayenko, "Code Ahead", 2018)

"Quality is a product of a conflict between programmers and testers." (Yegor Bugayenko, "Code Ahead", 2018)

"Quality must be enforced, otherwise it won't happen. We programmers must be required to write tests, otherwise we won't do it." (Yegor Bugayenko, "Code Ahead", 2018)

"We must not blame programmers for their bugs. They belong to them only until the code is merged to the repository. After that, all bugs are ours!" (Yegor Bugayenko, "Code Ahead", 2018)

"We, newbies and young programmers, don't like chaos because it makes us dependent on experts. We have to beg for information and feel bad." (Yegor Bugayenko, "Code Ahead", 2018)

"The environment that nutures creative programmers kills management and marketing types - and vice versa." (Orson S Card, "How Software Companies Die")

Software Engineering: Data Structures (Just the Quotes)

"At the present time, choosing a programming language is equivalent to choosing a data structure, and if that data structure does not fit the data you want to manipulate then it is too bad. It would, in a sense, be more logical first to choose a data structure appropriate to the problem and then look around for, or construct with a kit of tools provided, a language suitable for manipulating that data structure." (Maurice V Wilkes, "Computers Then and Now", 1968)

"Choosing a better data structure is often an art, which we cannot teach. Often you must write a preliminary draft of the code before you can determine what changes in the data structure will help simplify control. [...] Choose a data representation that makes the program simple." (Brian W Kernighan & Phillip J Plauger, "The Elements of Programming Style", 1974)

"Let the data structure the program." (Brian W Kernighan & Phillip J Plauger, "The Elements of Programming Style", 1974)

"Use recursive procedures for recursively-defined data structures." (Brian W Kernighan & Phillip J Plauger, "The Elements of Programming Style", 1974)

"The programmer's primary weapon in the never-ending battle against slow system is to change the intramodular structure. Our first response should be to reorganize the modules' data structures." (Fred Brooks, "The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering", 1975)

"The representation of knowledge in symbolic form is a matter that has pre-occupied the world of documentation since its origin. The problem is now relevant in many situations other than documents and indexes. The structure of records and files in databases: data structures in computer programming; the syntactic and semantic structure of natural language; knowledge representation in artificial intelligence; models of human memory: in all these fields it is necessary to decide how knowledge may be represented so that the representations may be manipulated." (Brian C Vickery, "Concepts of documentation", 1978)

"Rule 4. Fancy algorithms are buggier than simple ones, and they're much harder to implement. Use simple algorithms as well as simple data structures." (Rob Pike, "Notes on Programming in C" , 1989)

"Rule 5. Data dominates. If you've chosen the right data structures and organized things well, the algorithms will almost always be self-evident. Data structures, not algorithms, are central to programming." (Rob Pike, "Notes on Programming in C", 1989)

"If a programmer designs a program, only half the job is done if they have only designed the data structures. They also have to design the procedures for operating on the structures. (Specifically, a programmer designs abstract data types.) Without the appropriate procedures for operating on data structures, a computer would literally get lost in the structures, even supposing it could start executing anything sensible." (Yin L Theng et al," 'Lost in hhyperspace': Psychological problem or bad design?", 1996)

"Often you'll see the same three or four data items together in lots of places: fields in a couple of classes, parameters in many method signatures. Bunches of data that hang around together really ought to be made into their own object." (Kent Beck, "Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code", 1999)

"Smart data structures and dumb code works a lot better than the other way around." (Eric S Raymond, "The Cathedral & the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary", 2001)

"In fact, I'm a huge proponent of designing your code around the data, rather than the other way around, and I think it's one of the reasons git has been fairly successful. […] I will, in fact, claim that the difference between a bad programmer and a good one is whether he considers his code or his data structures more important. Bad programmers worry about the code. Good programmers worry about data structures and their relationships." (Linus Torvalds, [email] 2006)

"Computation at its root consists of a data structure (for input, output, and perhaps something being stored in between) and some process. One cannot talk about the process without describing the data structure. More importantly, different data structures enable certain computations to be done easily, whereas other data structures support other computations. Thus, the choice of data structure (representation) helps explain why a problem-solver does or does not successfully engage in a given process (cognition/behavior) or perhaps why a process takes as long or as short as it does." (Christian D Schunn et al, "Complex Visual Data Analysis, Uncertainty, and Representation", 2007)

"One of the essential parts of a formal training in programming is a long and demanding study of the large collection of algorithms that have already been discovered and analyzed, together with the Data Structures (carefully tailored, seemingly unnatural ways of organizing data for effective access) that go with them. As with any other engineering profession, it is impossible to do a good job without a thorough knowledge of what has been tried before. If a programmer starts the job fully armed with what is already known, they will have some chance of finding something new. Inventiveness is important: not all problems have been seen before. A programmer who does not already know the standard algorithms and data structures is doomed to nothing more than rediscovering the basics." (Robert Plant & Stephen Murrell, "An Executive’s Guide to Information Technology: Principles, Business Models, and Terminology", 2007)

"A modeling language is usually based on some kind of computational model, such as a state machine, data flow, or data structure. The choice of this model, or a combination of many, depends on the modeling target. Most of us make this choice implicitly without further thinking: some systems call for capturing dynamics and thus we apply for example state machines, whereas other systems may be better specified by focusing on their static structures using feature diagrams or component diagrams. For these reasons a variety of modeling languages are available." (Steven Kelly & Juha-Pekka Tolvanen, "Domain-specific Modeling", 2008)

"Clearly, the search for a dividing line between code and data is fruitless—and not particularly flattering to our egos. Let’s abandon any attempt to find a higher truth here, and settle for a pragmatic definition. If a piece of generated text simply instantiates and provides values for a data structure, it’s data; otherwise, it’s code." (Steven Kelly & Juha-Pekka Tolvanen, "Domain-specific Modeling", 2008)

"Generally, the craft of programming is the factoring of a set of requirements into a a set of functions and data structures." (Douglas Crockford, "JavaScript: The Good Parts", 2008)

"If the data structure can’t be explained on a beer coaster, it’s too complex." (Felix von Leitner, "Source Code Optimization", 2009)