Data Management: Data Scrubbing (Definitions)

"The process of making data consistent, either manually, or automatically using programs." (Microsoft Corporation, "Microsoft SQL Server 7.0 System Administration Training Kit", 1999)

Processing data to remove or repair inconsistencies." (Rod Stephens, "Beginning Database Design Solutions", 2008)

"The process of building a data warehouse out of data coming from multiple online transaction processing (OLTP) systems." (Microsoft, "SQL Server 2012 Glossary", 2012)

"A term that is very similar to data deidentification and is sometimes used improperly as a synonym for data deidentification. Data scrubbing refers to the removal, from data records, of identifying information (i.e., information linking the record to an individual) plus any other information that is considered unwanted. This may include any personal, sensitive, or private information contained in a record, any incriminating or otherwise objectionable language contained in a record, and any information irrelevant to the purpose served by the record." (Jules H Berman, "Principles of Big Data: Preparing, Sharing, and Analyzing Complex Information", 2013)

"The process of removing corrupt, redundant, and inaccurate data in the data governance process. (Robert F Smallwood, Information Governance: Concepts, Strategies, and Best Practices, 2014)

"Data Cleansing (or Data Scrubbing) is the action of identifying and then removing or amending any data within a database that is: incorrect, incomplete, duplicated." (experian) [source]

"Data cleansing, or data scrubbing, is the process of detecting and correcting or removing inaccurate data or records from a database. It may also involve correcting or removing improperly formatted or duplicate data or records. Such data removed in this process is often referred to as 'dirty data'. Data cleansing is an essential task for preserving data quality." (Teradata) [source]

"Data scrubbing, also called data cleansing, is the process of amending or removing data in a database that is incorrect, incomplete, improperly formatted, or duplicated." (Techtarget) [source]

"Part of the process of building a data warehouse out of data coming from multiple online transaction processing (OLTP) systems." (Microsoft Technet)

"The process of filtering, merging, decoding, and translating source data to create validated data for the data warehouse." (Information Management)

Data Warehousing: Operational Data Store (Definitions)

"The operational data store is subject-oriented and contains current, integrated, consistent data that reflects the current state of its subject. Operational data stores are similar to enterprise data warehouses in that they may include data from different systems that has been made consistent. Operational data stores are different from enterprise data warehouses in that they are updated frequently to reflect the current state of the operational systems." (Microsoft Corporation, "Microsoft SQL Server 7.0 Data Warehouse Training Kit", 2000)

"A physical set of tables sitting between the operational systems and the data warehouse or a specially administered hot partition of the data warehouse itself. The main reason for an ODS is to provide immediate reporting of operational results if neither the operational system nor the regular data warehouse can provide satisfactory access. Because an ODS is necessarily an extract of the operational data, it also may play the role of source for the data warehouse." (Ralph Kimball & Margy Ross, "The Data Warehouse Toolkit" 2nd Ed., 2002)

"The operational data store is a subject-oriented, integrated, current, volatile collection of data used to support the operational and tactical decision-making process for the enterprise. It is the central point of data integration for business management, delivering a common view of enterprise data." (Claudia Imhoff et al, "Mastering Data Warehouse Design", 2003)

"A hybrid structure designed to support both operational transaction processing and analytical processing." (William H Inmon, "Building the Data Warehouse", 2005)

"A collection of data from operational systems, most often integrated together, that is used for some operational purpose. The most critical characteristic here is that this is used for some operational function. This operational dependency takes precedence and the ODS should not be considered a central component of the data warehousing environment. An ODS can be a clean, integrated source of data to be pulled into the data warehousing environment." (Laura Reeves, "A Manager's Guide to Data Warehousing", 2009)

"A database designed to integrate data from multiple sources to facilitate operations. This is as opposed to a data warehouse, which integrates data from multiple sources to facilitate reporting and analysis." (David C Hay, "Data Model Patterns: A Metadata Map", 2010)

"A database that is subject-oriented, read-only to end users, current (non-historical), volatile, and integrated; is separate from and derived from one or more systems of record; and supports day-today business operations and real-time decision making." (David Lyle & John G Schmidt, "Lean Integration", 2010)

"A DB system designed to integrate data from multiple sources to allow operational access to the data for operational reporting." (Martin Oberhofer et al, "The Art of Enterprise Information Architecture", 2010)

"Database for transaction processing systems that uses data warehouse concepts to provide clean data." (Linda Volonino & Efraim Turban, "Information Technology for Management" 8th Ed., 2011)

"A database designed to integrate data from multiple sources for additional operations on the data." (Craig S Mullins, "Database Administration", 2012)

"A data store that provides data from the original source in near real time." (Brenda L Dietrich et al, "Analytics Across the Enterprise", 2014)

"ODS is the decision support database that integrated operational data from multiple source systems used to capture operational data and is used primarily for near real time operational reporting and analytics. ODSs are used to measure the operations processes efficiencies. The integration pattern is at the lowest levels of granularity and can happen from near real-time to multiple times in a day." (Saumya Chaki, "Enterprise Information Management in Practice", 2015)

"A data store that integrates data from a range of sources, which is subsequently merged and cleaned to serve as the foundation for enterprise operational reporting. It is an important piece of an Enterprise Data Warehouse (EDW) used for enterprise analytical reporting." (David K Pham, "From Business Strategy to Information Technology Roadmap", 2016)

"An ODS system integrates operational or transactional data from multiple systems to support operational reporting." (John D Kelleher & Brendan Tierney, "Data science", 2018)

"An operational data store (ODS) is an alternative to having operational decision support system (DSS) applications access data directly from the database that supports transaction processing (TP). While both require a significant amount of planning, the ODS tends to focus on the operational requirements of a particular business process (for example, customer service), and on the need to allow updates and propagate those updates back to the source operational system from which the data elements were obtained. The data warehouse, on the other hand, provides an architecture for decision makers to access data to perform strategic analysis, which often involves historical and cross-functional data and the need to support many applications." (Gartner)

DBMS: Online Transaction Processing (Definitions)

"A database management system representing the state of a particular business function at a specific point in time. An OLTP database is typically characterized by having large numbers of concurrent users actively adding and modifying data." (Microsoft Corporation, "SQL Server 7.0 System Administration Training Kit", 1999)

"A data processing system designed to record all of the business transactions of an organization as they occur. An OLTP system is characterized by many concurrent users actively adding and modifying data." (Anthony Sequeira & Brian Alderman, "The SQL Server 2000 Book", 2003)

"Any software capability that applies transactional updates and inquiries interactively." (Margaret Y Chu, "Blissful Data", 2004)

"A relational database system used to manage the day-to-day operations of an organization." (Reed Jacobsen & Stacia Misner, "Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Analysis Services Step by Step", 2006)

"The operational processes for executing a business activity while the customer or end user waits for the execution to complete. One example of OLTP would be an automated teller transaction." (Evan Levy & Jill Dyché, "Customer Data Integration", 2006)

"A data-processing system designed to record all the business transactions of an organization as they occur. An OLTP system is characterized by many concurrent users actively adding and modifying data. Typically, OLTP systems perform large numbers of relatively small transactions." (Jim Joseph et al, "Microsoft® SQL Server™ 2008 Reporting Services Unleashed", 2009)

"Online transaction processing (OLTP) systems are the fundamental systems used to run the business. These are also called operational systems or operational applications. They are often used as sources of data for the data warehouse." (Laura Reeves, "A Manager's Guide to Data Warehousing", 2009)

"A data-processing system designed to record all the business transactions of an organization as they occur. An OLTP system is characterized by many concurrent users actively adding and modifying data. Typically, OLTP systems perform large numbers of relatively small transactions." (Jim Joseph, "Microsoft SQL Server 2008 Reporting Services Unleashed", 2009)

"An approach to database design that focuses on data transactions  in particular inserting, updating, and deleting data." (Ken Withee, "Microsoft Business Intelligence For Dummies", 2010)

"Class of systems that facilitate and manage transaction-oriented applications." (Martin Oberhofer et al, "The Art of Enterprise Information Architecture", 2010)

"A transaction processing system where transactions are executed as soon as they occur." (Linda Volonino & Efraim Turban, "Information Technology for Management 8th Ed", 2011)

"A type of computer processing in which the computer responds immediately to user requests. Each request is a transaction. The opposite of transaction processing is batch processing." (Craig S Mullins, "Database Administration", 2012)

"A type of interactive application in which requests that are submitted by users are processed as soon as they are received. Results are returned to the requester in a relatively short period of time." (Sybase, "Open Server Server-Library/C Reference Manual", 2019)

Online transaction processing (OLTP) is a mode of processing that is characterized by short transactions recording business events and that normally requires high availability and consistent, short response times. This category of applications requires that a request for service be answered within a predictable period that approaches 'real time'. Unlike traditional mainframe data processing, in which data is processed only at specific times, transaction processing puts terminals online, where they can update the database instantly to reflect changes as they occur. In other words, the data processing models the actual business in real time, and a transaction transforms this model from one business state to another. Tasks such as making reservations, scheduling and inventory control are especially complex; all the information must be current. (Gartner)

DBMS: Operational Database (Definitions)

"An OLTP database that supports the business operations - for example, logging orders and tracking customers. An operational database is usually the source of data for the data warehouse. Operational data is updated frequently to reflect the current value of all transactions." (Microsoft Corporation, "Microsoft SQL Server 7.0 Data Warehouse Training Kit", 2000)

"A database containing a company's up-to-date and modifiable information." (Glenn J Myatt, "Making Sense of Data: A Practical Guide to Exploratory Data Analysis and Data Mining", 2006)

"A database that is designed primarily to support a company’s day-to-day operations. Also known as a transactional database or production database." (Carlos Coronel et al, "Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management" 9th Ed, 2011)

"A database system that runs core functions to the business in production environments. These are not test or reporting database systems, but actual systems that run the operations of the company." (Jason Williamson, Getting a Big Data Job For Dummies, 2015)

"The database of record, consisting of system-specific reference data and event data belonging to a transaction-update system. It may also contain system control data such as indicators, flags and counters. The operational database is the source of data for the data warehouse. It contains detailed data used to run the day-to-day operations of the business. The data continually changes as updates are made, and reflects the current value of the last transaction." (Information Management)

"The database that contains the live data that is viewed, retrieved, and edited in an Oracle Service Cloud application. While reports that are run on the operational database can access real-time data, the reports cannot process as much information as reports that are run on the report database." (Oracle)

"They carry out regular operations of an organisation and are generally very important to a business. They generally use online transaction processing that allows them to enter, collect and retrieve specific information about the company." (Data Floq)

Business Intelligence: General Issues in Business Intelligence

Business Intelligence Series

Introduction

BI projects are noble in intent though many managers and data professionals ignore their implications and prerequisites – data quality (incl. availability), cooperation, maturity, infrastructure, adequate tools and knowledge.

Data Quality

The problem with data starts usually at the source - ERP and other information systems (IS). In theory the system should cover all the basic reporting requirements existing in an enterprise, though that's seldom the case. Therefore, basic reporting needs arrive to be covered by ad-hoc developed tools which often include MS Excel/Access solutions, which are difficult to integrate and manage across organization.

Data Quality (DQ) is maybe the most ignored component in the attempt to build flexible, secure and reliable BI solutions. DQ is based on the validation implemented in source systems and the mechanisms used to cleanse the data before being reported, respectively on the efficiency and effectiveness of existing business processes and best practices.

DQ must be guaranteed for accurate decisions. If the quality is not validated and reviewed periodically, users will be reluctant in using the reports! The reports must be validated as part of the UAT process. Aggregated BI reports need detailed reports that can be used for validation, while the logic and data need to be synchronized accordingly.

The quality of decisions is based on the degree to which data were understood and presented to the decisional factors, though that’s not enough; it's need also a complete perspective, and maybe that’s why some business users prefer to prepare and aggregate data by themselves, the process allowing them in theory to get a deeper understanding of what’s happening.

Cooperation

A BI initiative doesn’t depend only on the effort of a department (usually IT), but on the business as a whole. Unfortunately, the so called partnership is more a theoretical term than a fact, while managers’ and business users' involvement is often suboptimal. 

BI implementations are also dependent on consultants’ skills and the degree to which they understood business’ requirements, on team’s cohesion and other project (management) related prerequisites, respectively on knowledge transfer and training. 

Tools

Most of the BI tools available on the market don’t satisfy all business, respectively users’ requirements. Even if they excel in some features, they lack in others. Usually, more than one BI tool is needed to cover (most of) the requirements. When features are not available, or they are not mature enough, or they are difficult to learn, users will prefer to use tools they already know.

Another important consideration is that BI tools rely on data models, often inflexible from the point of the data they provide, lacking integrating additional datasets, algorithms and customizations. The overall requirements need to be considered more recently from the point of cloud computing technologies, which becomes steadily a requirement for nowadays business dynamics. 

Maturity 

Besides the fact that Capability Maturity Models (CMMs) are difficult to implement, organizations lack the knowledge of transforming data into knowledge, respectively in understanding data and evolving it further in wisdom and competitive advantage. 

Most of the fancy words used by salesmen to sell a product don’t become reality overnight. Of course, a BI tool might have the potentiality of fulfilling the various technical and nontechnical goals, though between a theoretical potentiality and harnessing the respective potential is a long road that need to be addressed at strategical, tactical and operational levels.

Infrastructure

Infrastructure refers to human and technical components and the way they interact in getting the job done. It's not only about "breaking habits" and using the best tools, but in aligning people and technologies to the desired level of performance, of retaining and diffusing knowledge. 

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Business Intelligence: Enterprise Reporting

Business Intelligence Series

Introduction

Let's suppose that your company invested lot of money in an ERP system, and besides the complex setup many customizations were made. To increase ERP system's value, monitor the operations and make accurate decisions you'll need some reports out of it. What do you do then?

In general, there are 5 types of reporting needs: 

• OLTP (On-Line Transaction Processing) system providing reports with actual (live) data;
• OLAP (On-Line Analytical Processing) reports with drill-down, roll-up, slice and dice or pivoting functionality, working with historical data, the data source(s) being refreshed periodically;
• ad-hoc reports – reports provided on request, often satisfying one time reports or reports with sporadic needs;
• Data Mining tool(s) focusing on knowledge discovery (aka Data Science);
• direct data access and analysis (aka self-service BI).

Standard Reports 

ERP systems like Oracle Applications, Dynamics AX or SAP come by default with a set of (predefined) standard reports, which in theory cover basic reporting needs. Unfortunately the standard reports are not as flexible as expected, e.g. they can be exported only to text and/or in a non-tabular format, and therefore impossible to reuse for detailed analysis, have inadequate filtering parameters/constraints, behavior or scope. If existing functionality has been customized, most probably existing reports need to be adapted to the new logic. In the end customers need to change the existing reports or adopt an OLAP solution.
    

Vendors tend to keep the secrecy about their solutions and/or don't invest much time into documenting systems' functionality. Therefore, the information about ERP’s internals is limited, while good developers are hard to find or really expensive, and often they needing to reinvent the wheel. ERP vendors do provide documentation about their system's internals, though there are still many gaps concerning tables’ structure and functionality. Fortunately, armed with enough patience, some knowledge about existing business processes and databases, a developer can reengineer an important part of the logic, though there's always a shade of doubt whether the logic is entirely correct or complete. Other good news is that more and more professionals blog on ERP topics, however few are the source that bring something new.

OLAP Reporting  

OLAP solutions presume the existence of a data warehouse that reflects the business model, and when intelligently built it can satisfy an important percentage from the BI requirements. Building a data warehouse or a set of data marts is an expensive and time consuming endeavor and rarely arrives to satisfy everybody’s needs. There are also vendors that provide commercial off-the-shelf data models and solutions, and at a first view they look like an important deal, however such models are inflexible and seldom cover all requirements. One can end up by customizing and extending the model, running in all kind of issues involving model’s design, flexibility, quality, resources and costs.   

 

There are many ways in which things can go wrong or be misused. One of such scenarios is when an OLAP system is used to satisfy OLTP reporting needs. It’s like using a city car in a country cross race – you might make it to compete or even end the race, if you are lucky enough, but don’t expect to make a success out of it!

Ad-hoc Reporting   

The need for ad-hoc reports will be there no matter how complete and flexible are your existing reports. There are always new requirements that must be fulfilled in utile time and not rely on the long cycle time needed for an OLTP/OLAP report. Actually many of the reports start as ad-hoc reports and once their scope and logic stabilized they are moved to the reporting solution. Talking about new reports requirements, it worth to mention that many of the users don’t know exactly what they want, what is possible to get and what information it makes sense to show and at what level of detail in order to have a report that reflects the reality. 

In theory is needed a person who facilitate the communication between users and development team, especially when the work is outsourced. Such a person should have in theory a deep understanding of the business, of the ERP system and reporting possibilities, deeper the knowledge, shorter the delivery cycle time. Maybe such a person could be dispensable if the users and development have the required skill set and knowledge to define and interpret clearly the requirements, however I doubt that’s achievable on large scale. On the other side such attributions could be taken by the IM or functional leaders that support the ERP system, it might work, at least in theory.

Data Mining   

Data Mining tools and models are supposed to leverage the value of an ERP system beyond the functionality provided by analytic reports by helping to find hidden patterns and trends in data, to elaborate predictions and estimates. Here I resume only saying that DM makes sense only when the business reached a certain maturity, and I’m considering here mainly the costs/value ratio (the expected benefits needing to be greater than the costs) and effort required from business side in pursuing such a project.

Self-Service BI   

There are situations in which the functionality provided by reporting tools doesn’t fulfill users’ requirements, one of such situations being when users (aka data citizens) need to analyze data by themselves, to link data from different sources, especially Excel sheets. It’s true that vendors tried to address such requirements, though I don’t think they are mature enough, easy to use or allow users to go beyond their skills and knowledge.
 

Most of such scenarios resume in accessing various sources over ODBC or directly using Excel or MS Access, such solutions being adequate more for personal use. The negative side is that people arrive to misuse them, often ending up by having a multitude of such solution which maybe would make sense to have implemented as a report.

There are managers who believe that such tools would allow eliminating the need for ad-hoc reports, it might be possible in isolated cases though don’t expect from users to be a Bill Inmon or Bill Gates!

Conclusion   

All the tools have their limitations, no matter how complex they are, and I believe that not always a single reporting tool or platform will address all requirements. Each of such tools need a support team and even a center of excellence, so assure yourself that you have the resources, knowledge and infrastructure to support them!

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