"A method of organizing data into two-dimensional tables made up of rows and columns. The model is based on the mathematical theory of relations, a part of set theory." (Microsoft Corporation, "SQL Server 7.0 System Administration Training Kit", 1999)
"A representation, usually graphical, of objects and their relationships, generally undertaken as part of designing an Oracle database application." (Bill Pribyl & Steven Feuerstein, "Learning Oracle PL/SQL", 2001)
"A formal way of describing the relationship between entities in a database to a database management system." (Jan L Harrington, "Relational Database Dessign: Clearly Explained" 2nd Ed., 2002)
"A data model is an abstraction or representation of the data in a given environment. It is a collection and subsequent verification and communication method for fully documenting the data requirements used in the creation of accurate, effective, and efficient physical databases. The data model consists of entities, attributes, and relationships." (Claudia Imhoff et al, "Mastering Data Warehouse Design", 2003)
"A data model is a schematic showing the data in the warehouse, how the data relate to other data, and how the data should be structured. It is used to ensure that the data warehouse can substantiate all business requirements." (Margaret Y Chu, "Blissful Data", 2004)
"An integrated collection of concepts for describing data, relationships between data, and constraints on the data used by an organization." (Thomas M Connolly & Carolyn E Begg, "Database Solutions: A step-by-step guide to building databases", 2004)
"The specification of data structures and business rules needed to support a defined set of functions (sometimes called an Information Model); usually depicted in a diagram consisting of entities and relationships." (Margaret Y Chu, "Blissful Data ", 2004)
"(1) A data model is an abstract, self-contained, logical definition of the data structures, data operators, and so forth, that together make up the abstract machine with which users interact. (2) A data model is a model of the persistent data of some particular enterprise." (Christopher J Date, "Database in Depth", 2005)
"A data model is the specification of data structures and business rules to represent business requirements. This is an abstraction that describes one or more aspects of a problem or a potential solution addressing a problem." (Sharon Allen & Evan Terry, "Beginning Relational Data Modeling" 2nd Ed., 2005)
"A model that provides a two-dimensional structure to data." (Gavin Powell, "Beginning Database Design", 2006)
[object database model:] "A model that provides a three-dimensional structure to data where any item in a database can be retrieved from any point very rapidly." (Gavin Powell, "Beginning Database Design", 2006)
"(1) The logical data structures, including operations and constraints provided by a DBMS for effective database processing; (2) the system used for the representation of data (for example, the ERD or relational model). " (William H Inmon & Anthony Nesavich, "Tapping into Unstructured Data", 2007)
"A formal description of data managed by a business process. In most cases, these data are stored via a Database Management System (DBMS), and are also referenced by an Information System (IS) and, possibly, by a Decision Support Systems (DSS)" (C Combi & G Pozzi, "Workflow Management Systems for Healthcare Processes", 2008)
[Entity Data Model] "An EDM is an abstract logical representation of a physical database, used to implement database connectivity in the middle or client tiers." (Michael Coles, "Pro T-SQL 2008 Programmer's Guide", 2008)
[navigational data model:] "A data model where relationships between entities are represented by physical data structures (for example, pointers or indexes) that provide the only paths for data access." (Jan L Harrington, "Relational Database Design and Implementation" 3rd Ed., 2009)
"A formal description language to describe and to manipulate the investigated data instances. It contains three components: a static structural part, an integrity part and a manipulation part." (László Kovács & Tanja Sieber, "Multi-Layered Semantic Data Models" [in "Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence"], 2009)
"A paradigm for describing the structure of a database in which entities are represented as tables, and relationships between the entities are represented by matching data." (Jan L Harrington, "Relational Database Design and Implementation" 3rd Ed., 2009)
"An abstraction of how individual data elements relate to each other. It visually depicts how the data is to be organized and stored in a database. A data model provides the mechanism to document and understand how data is organized. (Laura Reeves, "A Manager's Guide to Data Warehousing", 2009)
"The formal way of expressing relationships in a database." (Jan L Harrington, "Relational Database Design and Implementation" 3rd Ed., 2009)
"A representation of the structure of data. As used in this book, the term refers to a conceptual data model, which describes data in terms of their inherent semantics, without regard to how they might be organized in a physical database. Some use the term to describe a logical data model that organizes data in terms of a specific data management technology, such as relational tables and columns, object-oriented classes, or ISAM hierarchies." (David C Hay, "Data Model Patterns: A Metadata Map", 2010)
"A model that includes formal data names, comprehensive data definitions, proper data structures, and precise data integrity rules. A complete data model must include all four of these components." (DAMA International, "The DAMA Dictionary of Data Management", 2011)
"A representation, usually graphic, of a complex 'real-world' data structure. Data models are used in the database design phase of the database life cycle." (Carlos Coronel et al, "Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management 9th Ed", 2011)
"A data model is a visual representation of data content and the relationships, created for purposes of understanding how data is or might be organized, and for ensuring the comprehensibility and usability of that way of organizing data." (Laura Sebastian-Coleman, "Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement ", 2012)
"A representation, usually graphic, of a complex 'real-world' data structure. Data models are used in the database design phase of the database life cycle." (Carlos Coronel & Steven Morris, "Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management" 11th Ed., 2014)
[Entity Data Model (EDM):] "An abstract logical representation of a physical database, used to implement database connectivity in the middle or client tiers." (Miguel Cebollero et al, "Pro T-SQL Programmer’s Guide 4th Ed", 2015)
"Represents data objects and their relationships with each other. Data models form the basis for data integration at the conceptual level as well as the improvement of data quality, such as with regard to the reduction of data redundancy. Data models are one component of the data architecture." (Boris Otto & Hubert Österle, "Corporate Data Quality", 2015)
"A visual means of depicting data and its relationship to other data." (Gregory Lampshire, "The Data and Analytics Playbook", 2016)
"A description of the objects represented by a computer system together with their properties and relationships." (Besma Khalfi et al, "Enhanced F-Perceptory Approach for Dealing with Geographic Data Imprecision from the Conceptual Modeling to the Fuzzy Geographical Database Building", 2017)
"1. A representation, using text and/or graphics, of the definition, characterization, and relationships of data in a given environment. 2. No longer used, the DBMS architecture (hierarchical, network, relational, etc.)." (George Tillmann, "Usage-Driven Database Design: From Logical Data Modeling through Physical Schmea Definition", 2017)
"In a data-centric benchmark, a database schema and a protocol for instantiating this schema, i.e. , generating synthetic data or reusing real-life data." (Jérôme Darmont, "Data-Centric Benchmarking", Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition, 2018)
"An abstract model that describes how data is presented and used." (Piethein Strengholt, "Data Management at Scale", 2020)
"A description of data that consists of all entities represented in a data structure or database and the relationships that exist among them." (IEEE 610.5-1990)
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