♜Strategic Management: Stakeholder (Definitions)

"In the CMMI Product Suite, a group or individual that is affected by or is in some way accountable for the outcome of an undertaking. Stakeholders may include project members, suppliers, customers, end users, and others." (Sandy Shrum et al, "CMMI®: Guidelines for Process Integration and Product Improvement", 2003)

"Individuals and organizations that are involved in or possibly affected by the data warehouse project activities." (Margaret Y Chu, "Blissful Data ", 2004)

"Someone with an interest in the outcome of a project, either because he or she has funded it, will use it, or will be affected by it." (Ken Schwaber, "Agile Project Management with Scrum", 2004)

"A group or individual affected by, or in some way accountable for, the outcome of an activity or process. Stakeholders may include the project team, suppliers, customers, purchasers, end users, and others." (Richard D Stutzke, "Estimating Software-Intensive Systems: Projects, Products, and Processes", 2005)

"a role that is concerned with the quality and content of a work product." (Bruce P Douglass, "Real-Time Agility: The Harmony/ESW Method for Real-Time and Embedded Systems Development", 2009)

"Anyone who has a stake in technical training, is affected by technical training or the problem it will address, or can assist with technical training." (Bettina M Davis & Wendy L Combsand, "Demystifying Technical Training: Partnership, Strategy, and Execution", 2009)

"Person or organization (e.g., customer, sponsor, performing organization, or the public) that is actively involved in the project, or whose interests may be positively or negatively affected by execution or completion of the project. A stakeholder may also exert influence over the project and its deliverables." (Project Management Institute, "Practice Standard for Project Estimating", 2010)

"An organization, person, process, or system that can be affected by a change to a system or process." (DAMA International, "The DAMA Dictionary of Data Management", 2011)

"An individual participant or member of a business function, department, or group charged with, and responsible for, performing tasks or activities as part of a business process." (Carl F Lehmann, "Strategy and Business Process Management", 2012)

"An individual, group, or organization who may affect, be affected by, or perceive itself to be affected by a decision, activity, or outcome of a project, program, or portfolio." (Project Management Institute, "The Standard for Portfolio Management" 3rd Ed., 2012)

"Any individual, group, or organization that can affect, be affected by, or perceive itself to be affected by an initiative (program, project, activity, risk)." (Paul C Dinsmore et al, "Enterprise Project Governance", 2012)

"Any person with a vested interest in the project. Project stakeholders include the project sponsor, project manager, team members, and end users of the project result." (Bonnie Biafore & Teresa Stover, "Your Project Management Coach: Best Practices for Managing Projects in the Real World", 2012)

"Anyone with an interest in your project – whether affected by its outcome or process, or with an ability to affect its outcome or process." (Mike Clayton, "Brilliant Project Leader", 2012)

"Individuals who have varying levels of commitment to a project or program for a given community or setting." (Carol A Brown, "Using Logic Models for Program Planning in K20 Education", 2013)

"Any individual or entity that has an influence on or is being impacted upon (directly or indirectly) by the project." (Chartered Institute of Building, "Code of Practice for Project Management for Construction and Development, 5th Ed.", 2014)

"Any party who affects, or is affected by, a project or activity (within and external to an organization). For an internal audit function, stakeholders include the board and audit committee, chief executive office, senior management, audit clients, and the external auditors." (Sally-Anne Pitt, "Internal Audit Quality", 2014)

"Individual, team, or organization that has an interest in or is affected by the result of architectural change." (Gilbert Raymond & Philippe Desfray, "Modeling Enterprise Architecture with TOGAF", 2014)

"Someone that has a vested interest in a project. Stakeholders are often high-level managers or executives with authority to resolve problems within a project." (Darril Gibson, "Effective Help Desk Specialist Skills", 2014)

"A stakeholder is someone with an interest in the future of a business, enterprise, or organization, and usually includes individual customers, borrowers, depositors, investors, employees, shareholders, regulators, and the public." (Christopher Donohue et al, "Foundations of Financial Risk: An Overview of Financial Risk and Risk-based Financial Regulation, 2nd Ed", 2015)

"Someone who has a stake in the outcome of the project. Typically, this includes users, customers (if those are different from users), sponsors, managers, and development team members." (Rod Stephens, "Beginning Software Engineering", 2015)

"Any person or organization who is affected by the opportunity and who can affect the shape of the opportunity itself." (Paul H Barshop, "Capital Projects", 2016)

"A person in the organization who has a vested interest in a project or activity and the outcomes." (Jonathan Ferrar et al, "The Power of People: Learn How Successful Organizations Use Workforce Analytics To Improve Business Performance", 2017)

"A person, a group, or an organization that has interest or concern in an organization. Stakeholders can affect or be affected by an organization’s actions, objectives, and policies. Some examples of key stakeholders are creditors, directors, employees, government (and its agencies), owners (shareholders), suppliers, unions, and the community from which the business draws its resources." (William Stallings, "Effective Cybersecurity: A Guide to Using Best Practices and Standards", 2018)

"An individual, group, or organization that may affect or be affected by project work, including decisions, activities, and outcome or deliverables. This applies to a project, program, and portfolio." (Cate McCoy & James L Haner, "CAPM Certified Associate in Project Management Practice Exams", 2018)

"In software development, a stakeholder is a person who has a vested interest in the software being developed. For example customers and users are stakeholders." (Alex Thomas, "Natural Language Processing with Spark NLP", 2020)

"a person or organisation that can affect, be affected by, or perceive themselves to be affected by a decision or activity" (ISO Guide 73:2009)

"all people who have interest in an organization, project, service, etc." (ITIL)

"Any person who has an interest in an IT project. Project stakeholders are individuals and organizations that are actively involved in the project, or whose interests may be affected as a result of project execution or project completion. Stakeholders can exercise control over both the immediate system operational characteristics, as well as over long-term system lifecycle considerations (such as portability, lifecycle costs, environmental considerations, and decommissioning of the system)." (IQBBA)

♜Strategic Management: Corporate Strategy (Definitions)

"Corporate strategy is the pattern of decisions in a company that determines and reveals its objectives, purposes, or goals, produces the principal policies and plans for achieving those goals, and defines the range of businesses the company is to pursue, the kind of economic and human organization it is or intends to be, and the nature of the economic and noneconomic contribution it intends to make to its shareholders, employees, customers, and communities. […] Corporate strategy defines the businesses in which a company will compete, preferably in a way that focuses resources to convert distinctive competence into competitive advantage." (Kenneth R Andrews, The Concept of Corporate Strategy, 1980)

"Concerns the scope of the product markets, industries and geographies addressed by the firm as a whole, the boundaries of the firm, and how to manage that scope in a way that adds value." (Duncan Angwin & Stephen Cummings, "The Strategy Pathfinder" 3rd Ed., 2017)

"A firm’s decisions and intentions with regard to the scope of its activities (its choices in relation to the industries, national markets, and vertical activities within which it participates) and the resource allocation among these." (Robert M Grant, "Contemporary Strategy Analysis, 10th Ed.", 2018)

"A plan that guides the activities and resource allocation required to deliver intended experiences that meet or exceed customer expectations in accordance with the goals of the organization." (Forrester,)

♜Strategic Management: Risk (Definitions)

"The probability of uncertain events occurring, causing positive or negative effects on the objectives of an endeavor." (Margaret Y Chu, "Blissful Data ", 2004)

"An adverse impact on the developer’s business organization due to the occurrence of a product or project risk. The business risk can arise directly from contract terms and conditions (e.g., warranties or consequential damages) or indirectly from loss of future business or reputation. Buyers use terms and conditions to protect their organizations in the event that the developer fails to deliver acceptable products and services on time. Thus, terms and conditions place the developer at risk." (Richard D Stutzke, "Estimating Software-Intensive Systems: Projects, Products, and Processes", 2005)

"Potential loss that can be estimated by an analysis of threat and vulnerability; the casualty contemplated in a contract of insurance. Pure risk occurs from cost without benefit, such as from crime or natural disaster. Dynamic risk reflects calculated exposure that an enterprise may take that can lead to advancement or loss." (Robert McCrie, "Security Operations Management" 2nd Ed., 2006)

"A risk is an undesired event or potential problem which may occur with a certain probability sometime in the future. Risk occurrence is associated with damage; i.e., it has a negative effect on project goals. It may cause cost increases, schedule shifts, quality problems, or other damages." (Lars Dittmann et al, "Automotive SPICE in Practice", 2008)

"The consideration of a situation that might arise that would tend to prevent a strategy or objective from being successfully achieved." (Steven Haines, "The Product Manager's Desk Reference", 2008)

"Possibility of suffering losses on an investment; the sources of risk include inflation, default, politics, etc." (Stefano Caselli, "Private Equity and Venture Capital in Europe", 2009)

"A predictable or unpredictable event that has an uncertain outcome." (Annetta Cortez & Bob Yehling, "The Complete Idiot's Guide® To Risk Management", 2010)

"In general, risk is the probability that a threat agent will be able to exploit a defined vulnerability that would adversely impact the business." (Alex Berson & Lawrence Dubov, "Master Data Management and Data Governance", 2010)

"The possibility of incurring a liability or exposure to asset losses." (Sue Johnson & Gwen Moran, "The Complete Idiot's Guide To Business Plans", 2010)

"Refers to the possibility of occurrence of an event, whether uncertain or of undetermined term, which is not entirely under the control of the people involved and is contrary to their expectations or interest. Risk can be voluntary, when a person acts despite being aware of that possibility." (Humbert Lesca & Nicolas Lesca, "Weak Signals for Strategic Intelligence: Anticipation Tool for Managers", 2011)

"The possibility that an event could occur and interfere with an organization's ability to meet strategic goals or operating plans. Varies across organizations, industries, geographic regions, and time periods." (Leslie G Eldenburg & Susan K Wolcott, "Cost Management 2nd Ed", 2011)

"Risk is the possibility that something unpleasant or unwelcome will happen (NOAD). Risk to data is the possibility that something will negatively affect its quality and make it less fit for use." (Laura Sebastian-Coleman, "Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement ", 2012)

"The degree of uncertainty of realizing expected future returns of the business resulting from factors other than financial leverage." (Mark L Zyla, "Fair Value Measurement", 2012)

"In the context of business decisions, the cost of a particular outcome. When a set of outcomes are possible, this cost is often weighted by the probability, if known, of that particular outcome occurring. Not to be confused with uncertainty, a term often used incorrectly to communicate the level of risk." (Kenneth A Shaw, "Integrated Management of Processes and Information", 2013)

"Probability, usually of an unwanted event." (Geoff Cumming, "Understanding The New Statistics", 2013)

"The consequences of a realized threat." (Mark Rhodes-Ousley, "Information Security: The Complete Reference, Second Edition, 2nd Ed.", 2013)

"A factor that could result in future negative consequences; usually expressed as impact and likelihood." (Tilo Linz et al, "Software Testing Foundations, 4th Ed", 2014)

"A quantitative measure of the potential damage caused by a specified threat." (Manish Agrawal, "Information Security and IT Risk Management", 2014)

"The effect of uncertainty on objectives" (David Sutton, "Information Risk Management: A practitioner’s guide", 2014)

"The likelihood that a threat will exploit a vulnerability resulting in a loss. Organizations use risk mitigation techniques to reduce risk." (Darril Gibson, "Effective Help Desk Specialist Skills", 2014)

"In investment terms, risk is the uncertainty associated with an investment or asset. A high-risk investment, for example, may yield a high return; but if unsuccessful, it could cause the investor to lose everything. Operational risk is the risk of failure due to shortcomings in procedures, people, or systems." (DK, "The Business Book", 2014)

"A factor that could result in future negative consequences; usually expressed as impact and likelihood." (Tilo Linz et al, "Software Testing Foundations" 4th Ed", 2014)

"Risk is defined as the mathematical product of the loss or damage due to failure and the probability (or frequency) of failure resulting in such damage. Damage comprises any consequences or loss due to failure. The probability of occurrence of a product failure depends on the way the software product is used. The software’s operational profile must be considered here. Therefore, detailed estimation of risks is difficult. Risk factors to be considered may arise from the project (project risks) as well as from the product to be delivered (product risks)." (Andreas Spillner et al, "Software Testing Foundations: A Study Guide for the Certified Tester Exam" 4th Ed., 2014)

"Risk is the product of consequence or impact and likelihood or probability, and is not the same as a threat or hazard. In the context of information risk management, risk is usually taken to have negative connotations. In the wider context of risk, however, it can also bee seen in a positive light and referred to as ‘opportunity’." (David Sutton, "Information Risk Management: A practitioner’s guide", 2014)

"The possibility of an event occurring that will have an impact on the achievement of objectives. Risk is measured in terms of impact and likelihood." (Sally-Anne Pitt, "Internal Audit Quality", 2014)

"The likelihood that a threat will exploit a vulnerability resulting in a loss. Organizations use risk mitigation techniques to reduce risk." (Darril Gibson, "Effective Help Desk Specialist Skills", 2014)

"An uncertainty that might lead to a loss. Losses occur when a threat exploits vulnerability." (Weiss, "Auditing IT Infrastructures for Compliance, 2nd Ed", 2015)

"Business risk is the potential loss due to a weakening in the compet­itive position." (Christopher Donohue et al, "Foundations of Financial Risk" 2nd Ed, 2015)

"Defined as the possible failure to meet your desired and expected objectives due to future, uncertain events." (Thomas C Wilson, "Value and Capital Management", 2015)

"The possibility of suffering harm or loss; Usually, risk involves the statistical chance that an action would pose a threat, resulting in a failure of some kind." (Ken Sylvester, "Negotiating in the Leadership Zone", 2015)

"The probability of a threat agent exploiting a vulnerability and the associated impact." (Adam Gordon, "Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK" 4th Ed., 2015)

"The possible failure to meet your desired and expected objectives due to future, uncertain events." (Thomas C Wilson, "Value and Capital Management", 2015)

"The likelihood of a negative impact event occurring over a period of time, not to be confused with exposure. Example: there is a 30% risk of tornadoes occurring tonight." (Gregory Lampshire, "The Data and Analytics Playbook", 2016)

"The chance of a negative thing happening." (Pamela Schure & Brian Lawley, "Product Management For Dummies", 2017)

"A characterization of harmful events and their associated probabilities with respect to a given system or mission." (O Sami Saydjari, "Engineering Trustworthy Systems: Get Cybersecurity Design Right the First Time", 2018)

"A measure of the extent to which an entity is threatened by a potential circumstance or event, and typically a function of the adverse impacts that would arise if the circumstance or event occurs and the likelihood of occurrence." (William Stallings, "Effective Cybersecurity: A Guide to Using Best Practices and Standards", 2018)

"A factor that could result in future negative consequences; usually expressed as impact and likelihood." (ISTQB)

"A possible event that could cause harm or loss, or affect the ability to achieve objectives" (ITIL)

"The effect of uncertainty on objectives." (ISO Guide 73:2009)

"The effect of uncertainty on objectives, whether positive or negative." (ISO 31000) 

♜Strategic Management: Methodology (Definitions)

"A process for the production of software using a collection of predefined techniques and notational conventions." (Atul Apte, "Java Connector Architecture: Building Custom Connectors and Adapters", 2002)

"A disciplined set of processes/procedures whose intent is to increase the success factor of analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance of a business solution." (Sharon Allen & Evan Terry, "Beginning Relational Data Modeling" 2nd Ed., 2005)

"A body of rules followed in a science of discipline." (Jennifer George-Palilonis, "A Practical Guide to Graphics Reporting", 2006)

"A defined, repeatable approach to address a particular type of problem. A methodology typically centers on a defined process but may also include definition of content. May be used interchangeably with the term method." (David Lyle & John G Schmidt, "Lean Integration", 2010)

"A logical sequence of tasks and activities that have deliverables as an end result. Implementation projects typically follow a predefined methodology." (Janice M Roehl-Anderson, "IT Best Practices for Financial Managers", 2010)

"A mature set of processes applied to various stages of an application’s life cycle to help reduce the likelihood of the presence or exploitation of security vulnerabilities." (Mark S Merkow & Lakshmikanth Raghavan, "Secure and Resilient Software Development", 2010)

"A system of practices, techniques, procedures, and rules used by those who work in a discipline." (Cynthia Stackpole, "PMP® Certification All-in-One For Dummies", 2011)

"A system of practices, techniques, procedures, and rules used by those who work in portfolios, programs, and projects. Project management methodology is a subset of OPM methodology." (PMI, "Implementing Organizational Project Management: A Practice Guide", 2014)

"A collection of specific procedures for creating a software system to meet a user’s needs" (Nell Dale et al, "Object-Oriented Data Structures Using Java 4th Ed.", 2016)

♜Strategic Management: Mission (Definitions)

"A written summary describing why an organization exists." (Timothy J  Kloppenborg et al, "Project Leadership", 2003)

"A brief declaration of why the organization, group, or department exists. It provides the foundation on which the entity will build its products and services and identifies to whom it will offer them." (Teri Lund & Susan Barksdale, "10 Steps to Successful Strategic Planning", 2006)

"A stated purpose, intent, or goal. In the Harmony/ESW process, several work activities have specific missions, including diagram creation and the microcycle." (Bruce P Douglass, "Real-Time Agility: The Harmony/ESW Method for Real-Time and Embedded Systems Development", 2009)

"A statement that describes an organization's purpose or reason for existence." (Bettina M Davis & Wendy L Combsand, "Demystifying Technical Training: Partnership, Strategy, and Execution", 2009)

"A written statement that describes the business’s purpose and provides a sense of direction for the business. It helps management to develop complementary strategies." (Gina Abudi & Brandon Toropov, "The Complete Idiot's Guide to Best Practices for Small Business", 2011)

"Defines why an organization exists." (Linda Volonino & Efraim Turban, "Information Technology for Management" 8th Ed", 2011)

"High-level declaration of the organization's purpose. (6, 622, 666)" (Leslie G Eldenburg & Susan K Wolcott, "Cost Management" 2nd Ed., 2011)

"Explains the fundamental purpose of the company or organization." (Bill Holtsnider & Brian D Jaffe, "IT Manager's Handbook" 3rd Ed., 2012)

"A statement that focuses on the present and identifies what an organization hopes to achieve and/or how it hopes to achieve it. In contrast, a vision statement focuses on the future." (Darril Gibson, "Effective Help Desk Specialist Skills", 2014)

"Short (preferably one or two sentences long) expression of an organization's services, its target market, and its competitive advantages." (Manish Agrawal, "Information Security and IT Risk Management", 2014)

"A brief description of a company’s fundamental purpose that articulates the company’s purpose both for those in the organization and for the public." (Jeffrey Magee, "The Managerial Leadership Bible", 2015)

"A statement of purpose for an organization." (Andrew Pham et al, "From Business Strategy to Information Technology Roadmap", 2016)

"A description of an organization or function’s business, its objectives, and its approach to reach those objectives." (Jonathan Ferrar et al, "The Power of People", 2017)

"An expression of the types of behaviour that an organisation sees as key to achieving its strategy, goals or vision. Generally expressed as a statement." (Duncan Angwin & Stephen Cummings, "The Strategy Pathfinder" 3rd Ed., 2017)

"An organization’s top-level requirements that must be satisfied and the properties with which they must be satisfied, including trustworthiness." (O Sami Saydjari, "Engineering Trustworthy Systems: Get Cybersecurity Design Right the First Time", 2018)

"The stated reason for the existence of the organization. It is usually prepared by the CEO and key members of the executive team and succinctly states what they will achieve or accomplish. It typically is changed only when the organization decides to pursue a completely new market." (H James Harrington & William S Ruggles, "Project Management for Performance Improvement Teams", 2018)

"What an organization does, what its perceived mission or missions are, and what business processes are involved in fulfilling the mission(s)." (William Stallings, "Effective Cybersecurity: A Guide to Using Best Practices and Standards", 2018)

"Elements of organizations describing mission areas, common/shared business services, and organization-wide services. Mission/business segments can be identified with one or more information systems which collectively support a mission/business process." (CNSSI 4009-2015)

♜Strategic Management: Assumption (Definitions)

"When used in a Business Case, forecast, or other planning document, an assumption is a statement that relates to a potential future state or future situation." (Steven Haines, "The Product Manager's Desk Reference", 2008)

"An influencer type (a kind of 'internal influencer') that is an assertion taken for granted or without proof." (David C Hay, "Data Model Patterns: A Metadata Map", 2010)

"Hypothesis, belief, or conjecture made when something is not known with certainty. In cost accounting, assumptions exist for the various quantitative analysis techniques (e.g., CVP or regression analysis) and general quantitative decision rules (e.g., for product emphasis decisions). People also make assumptions to create cost accounting information (e.g., linear cost function). Poor quality assumptions lead to poor quality information and decisions. Failure to objectively analyze assumptions can lead to biased decisions." (Leslie G Eldenburg & Susan K Wolcott, "Cost Management" 2nd Ed., 2011)

"Assumptions are factors that, for planning purposes, are considered to be true, real, or certain without proof or demonstration." (Cynthia Stackpole, "PMP Certification All-in-One For Dummies", 2011)

"A condition that will affect the project, although the specifics of the condition are not yet known. For the purposes of planning, the specifics are assumed and called out as an assumption." (Bonnie Biafore & Teresa Stover, "Your Project Management Coach: Best Practices for Managing Projects in the Real World", 2012)

"Hypotheses regarding the conditions necessary for the realization of strategies over which the organization has no control. Assumptions represent the risks that you may not achieve desired outcomes. Any change to an assumption during the execution cycle should force a revision." (Paul C Dinsmore et al, "Enterprise Project Governance", 2012)

"Something that is taken for granted to be true." (Joan C Dessinger, "Fundamentals of Performance Improvement" 3rd Ed., 2012)

"A factor in the planning process that is considered to be true, real, or certain, without proof or demonstration." (For Dummies, "PMP Certification All-in-One For Dummies" 2nd Ed., 2013)

"Something presumed to be true. Assumptions are the basis of all statistical analysis. (It is important that the analyst choose methods based only on assumptions that are reasonable for the application.)" (Meta S Brown, "Data Mining For Dummies", 2014)

"An assumption is something that is taken for granted or unquestionably accepted as true." (Ken Sylvester, "Negotiating in the Leadership Zone", 2015)

"Unproven business supposition used to make rapid progress toward a conclusion." (Pamela Schure & Brian Lawley, "Product Management For Dummies", 2017)

♜Strategic Management: Capability (Definitions)

"Within the context of this book, a capability refers to the knowledge, skills, experience, and overall abilities of cross-functional product team members. In this light, each team member must be able to understand, and be able to fulfill their commitments to the team. Therefore, a capability is the proven ability of an individual or group to perform a specific type of work." (Steven Haines, "The Product Manager's Desk Reference", 2008)

"A quality, ability, or feature that has the potential to be used or developed." (Bettina M Davis & Wendy L Combsand, "Demystifying Technical Training: Partnership, Strategy, and Execution", 2009)

"A thing that an organization, person, or system is able to do. Capabilities are typically very coarse-grained and may bring together a combination of people, processes, and technology." (David Lyle & John G Schmidt, "Lean Integration", 2010)

"A Capability is a specific competency that must exist in an organization to execute project management processes and deliver project management services and products. Capabilities are incremental steps leading up to one or more Best Practices." (Project Management Institute, "Organizational Project Management Maturity Model (OPM3)" 3rd Ed, 2013)

"A specific competency that an organization needs to have in order to implement and sustain OPM." (PMI, "Implementing Organizational Project Management: A Practice Guide", 2014)

"Designates the aptitude of an organization or a system to provide a given product or service; materialized by a series of elements (business, organizational, technical) that contribute to the realization of these products or services to the required level of quality." (Gilbert Raymond & Philippe Desfray, "Modeling Enterprise Architecture with TOGAF", 2014)

"Capability is a function of the affordances offered by an organizing system and the possible interactions they imply." (Robert J Glushko, "The Discipline of Organizing: Professional Edition" 4th Ed., 2016)

"A combination of working knowledge about a particular process or domain, and the capacity to apply that knowledge through action." (Gregory Lampshire, "The Data and Analytics Playbook", 2016)

"A measurable capacity to use resources that an organization needs to deliver to its strategy and achieve its agreed outcomes. It includes elements of people, process, information, and technology." (Kevin J Sweeney, "Re-Imagining Data Governance", 2018)

"More precisely referred to as organizational capability, is an organization’s capacity to perform a particular task or function." (Robert M Grant, "Contemporary Strategy Analysis" 10th Ed., 2018)

"A Capability is a higher-level solution behavior that typically spans multiple ARTs. Capabilities are sized and split into multiple features to facilitate their implementation in a single PI." (Dean Leffingwell, "SAFe 4.5 Reference Guide: Scaled Agile Framework for Lean Enterprises" 2nd Ed, 2018)

"The ability to carry out an activity" (ITIL)

♜Strategic Management: Management (Definitions)

"To manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, co-ordinate and to control." (Henri Fayol, 1916)

"Management is a distinct process consisting of planning, organising, actuating and controlling; utilising in each both science and art, and followed in order to accomplish pre-determined objectives." (George R Terry, "Principles of Management", 1960)

"Management is defined here as the accomplishment of desired objectives by establishing an environment favorable to performance by people operating in organized groups." (Harold Koontz, "Principles of Management", 1968)

"Management can be defined as the attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling organizational resources." (Richard L Daft, "The Leadership Experience" 4th Ed., 2008)

"Either the process of supervision, control, and co-ordination of productive activity in industrial and other formal organizations, or the persons performing these functions." (Kathryn J Hayes, "Triple Helix Organisations, Communities of Practice and Time", 2011)

"Activities for controlling and leveraging the limited amount of available resources (material, financial and human) aimed at the best possible way of achieving system performance objectives." (Alexander Kolker, "Management Science for Healthcare Applications", Encyclopedia of Business Analytics and Optimization, 2014)

"The art of planning, organizing, leading, coordinating and controlling resources of the organization toward accomplishment of common goal." (Mladen Čudanov & Jovan Krivokapić, "Organizational and Management Aspects of Cloud Computing Application in Scientific Research", 2014)

"The planning, organizing, leading and controlling of different resources to achieve company goals." (Irem Tukel & Deniz Z Celikdemir, "Integrating Ethics into Management: Why Is It Important?", 2015)

"The process of administering, coordinating and controlling the activities of the organization in order to achieve defined objectives, irrespective of its nature, type, structure, and size." (Chiraz Touil & Souhaila Kammoun, "Intellectual Property Management by Innovative Firms: Evidence From Tunisia", Intellectual Property Rights and the Protection of Traditional Knowledge, 2020)

"The process of using financial resources, tools, materials and time factor in a coherent and effective manner in order to achieve certain objectives." (M Hanefi Calp, "The Role of Artificial Intelligence Within the Scope of Digital Transformation in Enterprises", 2020)

"The term management is used to refer to the set of actions, or procedures that allow the realization of any activity or desire. In other words, a management refers to all those procedures that are carried out in order to resolve a situation or materialize a project." (Mayra A V Londoño, Success Factors in the Pedagogical Management of the English Language Teaching Managers, 2020)

♜Strategic Management: Asset (Definitions)

 "Item that appears on the balance sheet of a company that represents something owned by the company or something owed to the company by someone else. Bank loans are assets from the bank’s point of view because they are owed to the bank." (Ralph Kimball & Margy Ross, "The Data Warehouse Toolkit" 2nd Ed., 2002)

"On the Balance Sheet, an asset is something owned that has value, including cash, marketable securities, accounts receivable, plant and equipment, and inventory." (Steven Haines, "The Product Manager's Desk Reference", 2008)

"Items of value owned by a business, including real estate, equipment, cash, and other items that can be sold for cash. Some intangible items, such as a well-known logo or trade name, can also be considered assets." (Sue Johnson & Gwen Moran, "The Complete Idiot's Guide® To Business Plans", 2010)

"1.Generally, something that has value or produces benefit. 2.In accounting, something of value on a balance sheet." (DAMA International, "The DAMA Dictionary of Data Management", 2011)

"Resource with recognized value that is under control of an individual or organization." (Linda Volonino & Efraim Turban, "Information Technology for Management" 8th Ed., 2011)

"A resource: (a) controlled by an entity as a result of past events; and (b) from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity." (Project Management Institute, "The Standard for Program Management" 3rd Ed..", 2013)

"Any item of value that should be protected. Can be physical or electronic, or even non-tangible (like reputation)." (Mark Rhodes-Ousley, "Information Security: The Complete Reference" 2nd Ed., 2013)

"Items of economic value created by a team through the application of competencies and tools. Within a business-analytics context they are normally intangible in nature and often include models, processes, and electronic documentation." (Evan Stubbs, "Delivering Business Analytics: Practical Guidelines for Best Practice", 2013)

"A resource or information that is to be protected." (Manish Agrawal, "Information Security and IT Risk Management", 2014)

"Any economic resource that is owned by a company that can be used to generate value for the business." (DK, "The Business Book", 2014)

"Property, plant, and equipment used to generate profit." (Paul H Barshop, "Capital Projects", 2016)

"Data contained in an information system; or a service provided by a system; or a system capability, such as processing power or communication bandwidth; or an item of system equipment (that is, a system component—hardware, firmware, software, or documentation); or a facility that houses system operations and equipment." (William Stallings, "Effective Cybersecurity: A Guide to Using Best Practices and Standards", 2018)

"Any item that has value to the organisation." (ISO/IEC 27000:2012)

♜Strategic Management: Strategic Planning (Definition)

"[…] strategic planning […] is the continuous process of making present entrepreneurial (risk-taking) decisions systematically and with the greatest knowledge of their futurity; organizing systematically the efforts needed to carry out these decisions; and measuring the results of these decisions against the expectations through organized, systematic feedback." (Peter F Drucker, "Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices", 1973)

"The process of determining how a problem or opportunity may be responded to. Involves identifying problems or opportunities, analyzing relevant characteristics of the circumstances, organizing the formal response, deputizing a leader to head the response effort, and supervising the person(s) selected." (Robert McCrie, "Security Operations Management" 2nd Ed., 2006)

"Written record of a strategic plan, usually consisting of an overview, strategy charter, description of the current environment, research findings, tactics, roles and accountabilities, key performance indicators, and recommended next steps." (Teri Lund & Susan Barksdale, "10 Steps to Successful Strategic Planning", 2006)

"The implementation of an organization's objectives. Strategic planning decisions will have long-term impacts on the organization while operational decisions are day-to-day in nature." (Jae K Shim & Joel G Siegel, "Budgeting Basics and Beyond", 2008)

"The selection of short- and long-term objectives and the drawing up of tactical and strategic plans to achieve those objectives. After deciding on a set of strategies to be followed, the organization needs more specific plans, such as locations, methods of financing, and hours of operation. As these plans are made, they will be communicated throughout the organization. When implemented, the plans will serve to coordinate the efforts of all parts of the organization toward the company's objectives." (Jae K Shim & Joel G Siegel, "Budgeting Basics and Beyond", 2008)

"A deliberative, disciplined approach to producing fundamental decisions and actions that shape and guide what an organization (or other entity) is, what it does, and why it does it.” (John M Bryson, 2011)

"A long-range plan that serves as a business’s road map for the future. It includes the product lines and services, the number of employees, technology requirements, industry trends, competitor analysis, revenue and profitability goals, types of customers, and long-range marketing plans." (Gina Abudi & Brandon Toropov, "The Complete Idiot's Guide to Best Practices for Small Business", 2011)

"A series of processes in which an organization selects and arranges its businesses or services to keep the organization viable even when unexpected events distrupt one or more of its business's markets, products, or services." (Linda Volonino & Efraim Turban, "Information Technology for Management" 8th Ed., 2011)

"A high-level document that explains the organization's vision and mission, plus the approach that will be adopted to achieve this mission and vision, including the specific goals and objectives to be achieved during the period covered by the document." (Project Management Institute, "The Standard for Portfolio Management" 3rd Ed., 2012)

"The process by which an organization envisions its future and develops the necessary goals and procedures to achieve that vision." (Joan C Dessinger, "Fundamentals of Performance Improvement" 3rd Ed., 2012)

"A systematic process of envisioning a desired future and translating this vision into broadly defined goals or objectives and a sequence of steps to achieve them." (Robert F Smallwood, "Information Governance: Concepts, Strategies, and Best Practices", 2014)

"The process by which organizations identify a desired outcome, the resources required to support that outcome, and the plan to achieve the outcome. Typically, strategic planning is an important step in identifying the creation of new competitive advantages." (Evan Stubbs, "Big Data, Big Innovation", 2014)

"A process of selecting from alternative courses of action, matching that with the available resources, and combining these in a way that will most effectively achieve the objective; Intended action toward an organizational goal or objective." (Ken Sylvester, "Negotiating in the Leadership Zone", 2015)

"A formalised step-by-step set of procedures for coordinating the strategy process." (Duncan Angwin & Stephen Cummings, "The Strategy Pathfinder" 3rd Ed., 2017)

"A document used to communicate with the organization the organization’s goals, the actions needed to achieve those goals, and all the other critical elements developed during the planning exercise." (William Stallings, "Effective Cybersecurity: A Guide to Using Best Practices and Standards", 2018)

♜Strategic Management: Vision (Definitions)

"A written summary describing why an organization exists." (Timothy J  Kloppenborg et al, "Project Leadership", 2003)

"A brief declaration of why the organization, group, or department exists. It provides the foundation on which the entity will build its products and services and identifies to whom it will offer them." (Teri Lund & Susan Barksdale, "10 Steps to Successful Strategic Planning", 2006)

"The envisioned end state or optimal future situation. A product leader envisions a product's position in the market at a point in the future. The product leader's vision provides essential guidance to a team as strategies are formulated." (Steven Haines, "The Product Manager's Desk Reference", 2008)

"A statement about an organization that presents an aspiring view of the future and asserts what the organization is best at or seeks to achieve." (Bettina M Davis & Wendy L Combsand, "Demystifying Technical Training: Partnership, Strategy, and Execution", 2009)

"A statement that describes an organization's purpose or reason for existence." (Bettina M Davis & Wendy L Combsand, "Demystifying Technical Training: Partnership, Strategy, and Execution", 2009)

"A description of a desired future state of the enterprise, without regard to how it is to be achieved." (David C Hay, "Data Model Patterns: A Metadata Map", 2010)

"An organization's picture of where it wants to be in the future." (Linda Volonino & Efraim Turban, "Information Technology for Management" 8th Ed, 2011)

"High-level declaration of the organization's purpose." (Leslie G Eldenburg & Susan K Wolcott, "Cost Management 2nd Ed", 2011)

"Defines why an organization exists." (Linda Volonino & Efraim Turban, "Information Technology for Management 8th Ed", 2011)

"Theoretical description of what the organization should become." (Leslie G Eldenburg & Susan K Wolcott, "Cost Management" 2nd Ed, 2011)

"a company document that takes a mission statement to the next level by outlining what the organization wants to be; it focuses on the future and serves as a source of inspiration for employees." (Bill Holtsnider & Brian D Jaffe, "IT Manager's Handbook" 3rd Ed, 2012)

"explains the fundamental purpose of the company or organization." (Bill Holtsnider & Brian D Jaffe, "IT Manager's Handbook, 3rd Ed", 2012)

"A statement that defines where an organization wants to be in the future." (Sally-Anne Pitt, "Internal Audit Quality", 2014)

"A statement that describes where an organization wants to be or what it wants to achieve at some point in the future. It is normally a single sentence and provides inspiration to employees to help the organization achieve it. In contrast, a mission statement focuses on the present." (Darril Gibson, "Effective Help Desk Specialist Skills", 2014)

"A brief description of a company’s fundamental purpose that articulates the company’s purpose both for those in the organization and for the public." (Jeffrey Magee, "The Managerial Leadership Bible", 2015)

"An aspirational description of the achievements an organization aims to accomplish in the mid-to-long term." (Andrew Pham et al, "From Business Strategy to Information Technology Roadmap", 2016)

"A description of an organization or function’s business, its objectives, and its approach to reach those objectives." (Jonathan Ferrar et al, "The Power of People: Learn How Successful Organizations Use Workforce Analytics To Improve Business Performance", 2017)

"A description of the desired future impact of your function on the organization." (Jonathan Ferrar et al, "The Power of People", 2017)

"The stated reason for the existence of the organization. It is usually prepared by the CEO and key members of the executive team and succinctly states what they will achieve or accomplish. It typically is changed only when the organization decides to pursue a completely new market." (H James Harrington & William S Ruggles, "Project Management for Performance Improvement Teams", 2018)

"The Vision is a description of the future state of the Solution under development. It reflects Customer and stakeholder needs, as well as the Feature and Capabilities proposed to meet those needs." (Dean Leffingwell, "SAFe 4.5 Reference Guide: Scaled Agile Framework for Lean Enterprises" 2nd Ed, 2018)

 "A concise statement defining an organization’s long-term direction, the vision is a summary statement of what the organization ultimately intends to become five, 10 or even 15 years into the future. It is the organization’s long-term 'dream' , what it constantly strives to achieve. A powerful vision provides everyone in the organization with a shared mental framework that helps give shape to its abstract future." (Intrafocus) 

♜Strategic Management: Tactics (definitions)

"Actions that will lead to specific desired results or outcomes." (Teri Lund & Susan Barksdale, "10 Steps to Successful Strategic Planning", 2006)

"A course of action that represents one or more details of a strategy. A strategy, then, may be implemented by one or more tactics. In general, strategies address goals, and tactics address objectives." (David C Hay, "Data Model Patterns: A Metadata Map", 2010)

"Tools for how to achieve one’s objective." (Ken Sylvester, "Negotiating in the Leadership Zone", 2015)

♜Strategic Management: Principles (Definitions)

[Administrative principles:] "A subfield of the classical management perspective that focuses on the total organization rather than the individual worker, delineating the management functions of planning, controlling, organizing, commanding, and coordinating." (Timothy J  Kloppenborg et al, "Project Leadership", 2003)

"A general, instructive, concise, and memorable statement that suggests a way of reasoning or acting that is effective and proven to reach a certain goal within an organizational context." (Martin J Eppler, "Managing Information Quality" 2nd Ed., 2006)

"Defines the underlying general rules that an organization uses to utilize and deploy all business and IT resources and assets across the enterprise." (Tilak Mitra et al, "SOA Governance", 2008)

"A basic statement of truth, especially with respect to a goal or intent. " (Bruce P Douglass, "Real-Time Agility", 2009)

"Formally, a fundamental law, doctrine, premise, or assumption. Informally, a rule or code of conduct." (DAMA International, "The DAMA Dictionary of Data Management", 2011)

"Organizing principles are directives for the design or arrangement of a collection of resources that are ideally expressed in a way that does not assume any particular implementation or realization." (Robert J Glushko, "The Discipline of Organizing: Professional Edition" 4th Ed, 2016)

♜Strategic Management: Objectives (Definitions)

"A statement of an attainable, time-targeted, and measurable desired result the enterprise seeks to meet to achieve its goals." (David C Hay, "Data Model Patterns: A Metadata Map", 2010)

"Building blocks of strategy. They set out what the business is trying to achieve. They are action-oriented statements that define the continuous improvement activities that must be done to be successful." (Linda Volonino & Efraim Turban, "Information Technology for Management" 8th Ed. , 2011)

"Something toward which work is to be directed, a strategic position to be attained, or a purpose to be achieved, a result to be obtained, a product to be produced, or a service to be performed." (Cynthia Stackpole, "PMP® Certification All-in-One For Dummies®", 2011)

"Specific goals that managers choose to measure and monitor, to motivate employees to carry out organizational strategies." (Leslie G Eldenburg & Susan K Wolcott, "Cost Management 2nd Ed", 2011)

"The definition of an organization's intended achievements in terms of business results interpreted from various perspectives financial, customer, infrastructure, products and services, or by cultural outcomes that are measurable." (Project Management Institute, "The Standard for Portfolio Management" 3rd Ed., 2012)

"The goal broken down into manageable tasks so that you can carry them out and measure for success. It is more precise and capable of both attainment and measurement." (Paul C Dinsmore et al, "Enterprise Project Governance", 2012)

"These set out the measures of success that you will apply to achieving your goal - typically in terms of time, cost (or budget or resources) and quality standards." (Mike Clayton, "Brilliant Project Leader", 2012)

"Something toward which work is to be directed, a strategic position to be attained, a purpose to be achieved, a result to be obtained, a product to be produced, or a service to be performed." (For Dummies, "PMP Certification All-in-One For Dummies" 2nd Ed., 2013)

"A result to be achieved" (David Sutton, "Information Risk Management: A practitioner’s guide", 2014)

"Step in time used to demonstrate the progress made toward reaching a goal (e.g., “increase capability usage by 30% by the end of 2014 in order to support the expected increase in market share")." (Gilbert Raymond & Philippe Desfray, "Modeling Enterprise Architecture with TOGAF", 2014)

"A set of goals. Used as part of an assessment to determine what needs to be accomplished to validate a control." (Weiss, "Auditing IT Infrastructures for Compliance" 2nd Ed., 2015)

"Something toward which work is to be directed, a strategic position to be attained, a purpose to be achieved, a result to be obtained, a product to be produced, or a service to be performed." (Project Management Institute, "A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)", 2017)

"A concise statement describing specific, critical, actionable and measurable things an organization must do in order to effectively execute its strategy and achieve its mission and vision. Objectives often begin with action verbs such as increase, reduce, improve, achieve, etc. Whereas the vision and mission statements provide an organizing and mobilizing 'rallying cry', objectives translate the vision and mission into measurable and actionable operational terms." (Intrafocus) 

♜Strategic Management: Goals (Definitions)

"[long-term goals] Plans that managers intend to achieve over a long time period (longer than one year); used to monitor long-term organizational performance." (Leslie G Eldenburg & Susan K Wolcott, "Cost Management" 2nd Ed., 2011)

"Targets established by management for variables that are critical to success. Progress is monitored and reported through diagnostic control systems. Also see strategic objectives." (Leslie G Eldenburg & Susan K Wolcott, "Cost Management 2nd Ed", 2011)

"A statement that qualifies desired results. It is the end toward which efforts are directed. It is normally general and timeless, yet attainable." (Paul C Dinsmore et al, "Enterprise Project Governance", 2012)

"States the over arching purpose of the project - what you seek to achieve. Also known as 'aim'." (Mike Clayton, "Brilliant Project Leader", 2012)

"The definition of an organization's intended achievements in terms of business results may be interpreted from various perspectives - financial, customer, infrastructure, products and services, or by cultural outcomes that are measurable." (Project Management Institute, "Organizational Project Management Maturity Model (OPM3)" 3rd Ed. , 2013)

"High-level declaration of the intent or direction of an organization; translated into objectives." (Gilbert Raymond & Philippe Desfray, "Modeling Enterprise Architecture with TOGAF", 2014)

"A desired state or result of an undertaken. Goals should be measurable and defined in time so that the progress can be monitored." (IQBBA)

"An observable and measurable end result having one or more objectives to be achieved within a more or less fixed time-frame." (Intrafocus)