🧱IT: Social Engineering [SE] (Definitions)

"Using trickery and charm to extract security information such as passwords from an individual." (Andy Walker, "Absolute Beginner’s Guide To: Security, Spam, Spyware & Viruses", 2005)

"A nontechnological method for gaining unauthorized access to a computer system by tricking people into revealing access information." (Jan L Harrington, "Relational Database Design and Implementation"3rd Ed., 2009)

"Collection of tactics used to manipulate people into performing actions or divulging confidential information." (Linda Volonino & Efraim Turban, "Information Technology for Management 8th Ed", 2011)

"Obtaining or attempting to obtain otherwise secure data with fraud and deceit by tricking an individual into revealing confidential information." (Bill Holtsnider & Brian D Jaffe, "IT Manager's Handbook" 3rd Ed., 2012)

"The art of manipulating people into performing desired actions." (Manish Agrawal, "Information Security and IT Risk Management", 2014)

"Gaining unauthorized access by tricking someone into divulging sensitive information." (Adam Gordon, "Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK" 4th Ed., 2015)

"It describes a type of intrusion that relies heavily on human interaction rather than on specific technical methods. It often involves deceitful approaches to obtain, for example, sensitive information, and break into computer systems." (Hamid R Arabnia et al, "Application of Big Data for National Security", 2015)

"The act of manipulating people into divulging information." (Weiss, "Auditing IT Infrastructures for Compliance, 2nd Ed", 2015)

"The art of obtaining someone's password either by befriending her or tricking her into sharing it." (Faithe Wempen, "Computing Fundamentals: Introduction to Computers", 2015)

"The practice of obtaining confidential information by manipulating users in social communication." (Mike Harwood, "Internet Security: How to Defend Against Attackers on the Web 2nd Ed.", 2015)

"The process of attempting to trick someone into revealing information (for example, a password) that can be used to attack an enterprise or into performing certain actions, such as downloading and executing files that appear to be benign but are actually malicious." (William Stallings, "Effective Cybersecurity: A Guide to Using Best Practices and Standards", 2018)

"The psychological manipulation of people into unwittingly performing actions favorable to an attacker, such as divulging passwords or other confidential information." (O Sami Saydjari, "Engineering Trustworthy Systems: Get Cybersecurity Design Right the First Time", 2018)

🧱IT: Network (Definitions)

"Mathematically defined structure of a computing system where the operations are performed at specific locations (nodes) and the flow of information is represented by directed arcs." (Guido Deboeck & Teuvo Kohonen (Eds), "Visual Explorations in Finance with Self-Organizing Maps 2nd Ed.", 2000)

"A system of interconnected computing resources (computers, servers, printers, and so on)." (Sharon Allen & Evan Terry, "Beginning Relational Data Modeling 2nd Ed.", 2005)

"A system of connected computers. A local area network (LAN) is contained within a single company, in a single office. A wide area network (WAN) is generally distributed across a geographical area — even globally. The Internet is a very loosely connected network, meaning that it is usable by anyone and everyone." (Gavin Powell, "Beginning Database Design", 2006)

"A system of interconnected devices that provides a means for data to be transmitted from point to point." (Janice M Roehl-Anderson, "IT Best Practices for Financial Managers", 2010)

"1.Visually, a graph of nodes and connections where more than one entry point for each node is allowed. 2.In architecture, a topological arrangement of hardware and connections to allow communication between nodes and access to shared data and software." (DAMA International, "The DAMA Dictionary of Data Management", 2011)

"The connection of computer systems (nodes) by communications channels and appropriate software. |" (Marcia Kaufman et al, "Big Data For Dummies", 2013)

"The means by which electronic communications occurs between two or more nodes" (Daniel Linstedt & W H Inmon, "Data Architecture: A Primer for the Data Scientist", 2014)

"Two or more computers connected to share data and resources." (Faithe Wempen, "Computing Fundamentals: Introduction to Computers", 2015)

"People working towards a common purpose or with common interests where there is no requirement for members of the network to have a work relationship with others, and there is no requirement for mutuality as there is with a team." (Catherine Burke et al, "Systems Leadership, 2nd Ed,", 2018)

🧱IT: Firmware (Definitions)

"Computer programs stored in a solid state memory device (such as a chip) so that they are retained when electrical power is removed." (Richard D Stutzke, "Estimating Software-Intensive Systems: Projects, Products, and Processes", 2005)

"Programming stored on a chip inside a device (such as a network router) that controls it." (Andy Walker, "Absolute Beginner’s Guide To: Security, Spam, Spyware & Viruses", 2005)

"Software embedded in hardware. Desktop PCs include Basic Input/Output System (BIOS), which is the firmware used to start PCs." (Darril Gibson, "Effective Help Desk Specialist Skills", 2014)

"The software provided by the computer manufacturer to run the hardware in the computer." (Matt Telles, "Beginning Programming", 2014)

"Low-level software that controls hardware operation between the processor and the operating system." (O Sami Saydjari, "Engineering Trustworthy Systems: Get Cybersecurity Design Right the First Time", 2018)

"Software instructions that have been written into read-only memory (ROM) or a programmable ROM (PROM) chip." (Shon Harris & Fernando Maymi, "CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide" 8th Ed., 2018)

🧱IT: False Negative (Definitions)

"Spam that is mistaken for legitimate email." (Andy Walker, "Absolute Beginner’s Guide To: Security, Spam, Spyware & Viruses", 2005)

"Failing to report an event that should have been reported." (W Roy Schulte & K Chandy, "Event Processing: Designing IT Systems for Agile Companies", 2009)

"A subject who is identified as failing to have experienced the event of interest (e.g., exposure, disease) but has truly experienced the event is termed a false negative." (Herbert I Weisberg, "Bias and Causation: Models and Judgment for Valid Comparisons", 2010)

"An incorrect result, which fails to detect a condition or return a result that is actually present." (DAMA International, "The DAMA Dictionary of Data Management", 2011)

"An incorrect result as reported by a detective device, such as an IDS, an antivirus program, or a biometric security device. For example, an antivirus program may not “catch” a virus-infected file, or a fingerprint reader may incorrectly fail the fingerprint of the true user." (Mark Rhodes-Ousley, "Information Security: The Complete Reference, Second Edition, 2nd Ed.", 2013)

"A test result that incorrectly reports that a condition being tested for is absent, when, in fact, it is present (e.g., an intrusion detection subsystem falsely reports no attacks in the attack space of an enterprise system)." (O Sami Saydjari, "Engineering Trustworthy Systems: Get Cybersecurity Design Right the First Time", 2018)

"A condition when using optimistic locking whereby a row that was not updated since it was selected cannot be updated without first being selected again. Optimistic locking support does not allow a false positive to happen, but a false negative might happen. See also false positive." (Sybase, "Open Server Server-Library/C Reference Manual", 2019)

[false-negative result:] "A test result which fails to identify the presence of a defect that is actually present in the test object." (Software Quality Assurance)

🧱IT: Infrastructure-as-a-Service [IssS] (Definitions)

"The capability provided to the customer regarding provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, and deployed applications and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls)." (James R Kalyvas & Michael R Overly, "Big Data: A Businessand Legal Guide", 2015)

"Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a cloud computing infrastructure that provides compute, network, and storage resources over the internet, via a subscription model that can scale." (Atlassian) [source]

"Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a cloud computing service model in which computing resources are hosted in a public cloud, private cloud, or hybrid cloud." (Oracle) [source]

"Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a form of cloud computing that delivers on-demand IT infrastructure resources such as servers, virtual machines (VMs), compute, network and storage to consumers over the internet and on a pay-as-you-go basis." (BM) [source]

"Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a standardized, highly automated offering in which computing resources owned by a service provider, complemented by storage and networking capabilities, are offered to customers on demand. Resources are scalable and elastic in near real time and metered by use. Self-service interfaces, including an API and a graphical user interface (GUI), are exposed directly to customers. Resources may be single-tenant or multitenant, and are hosted by the service provider or on-premises in a customer’s data center." (Gartner) [source]

"Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a type of cloud computing service that offers essential compute, storage, and networking resources on demand, on a pay-as-you-go basis." (Microsoft) [source]

"Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), also known as cloud infrastructure services, is a form of cloud computing in which IT infrastructure is provided to end users through the internet. IaaS is commonly associated with serverless computing." (Red Hat) [source]

🧱IT: Distributed Processing (Definitions)

"Data processing in which some or all of the processing, storage, and control functions, in addition to input/output functions, are situated in different places and connected by transmission facilities. The transparent access of both applications and data by programs and users is an important goal of distributed processing systems." (Microsoft Corporation, "SQL Server 7.0 System Administration Training Kit", 1999)

"Spreading the work of an information processing application among several computers." (Judith Hurwitz et al, "Service Oriented Architecture For Dummies" 2nd Ed., 2009)

"The activity of sharing (dividing) the logical processing of a database over two or more sites connected by a network." (Carlos Coronel et al, "Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management" 9th Ed., 2011)

"The use of multiple computers to fulfill a service request." (Craig S Mullins, "Database Administration: The Complete Guide to DBA Practices and Procedures" 2nd Ed., 2012)

"Distributed processing refers to a method that involves local processing and interaction among network nodes, connected by a topology, allowing communication with neighbors only. This approach enhances network performance, adaptability to changes, and robustness against failures by mimicking biological networks' properties." (Sowjanya Modalavalasa et al, "A review of robust distributed estimation strategies over wireless sensor networks", Signal Processing, 2021)

"A form of computing in which data and applications are distributed among disparate computers or systems, but are connected and integrated by means of network services and interoperability standards such that they function as a single environment." (Gartner) [source]

"Distributed computing is the method of making multiple computers work together to solve a common problem. It makes a computer network appear as a powerful single computer that provides large-scale resources to deal with complex challenges." (AWS) [source]

🧱IT: Parallel Processing (Definitions)

"A form of computing in which many computations are being processed concurrently. One of the unique features of neural computing is that it provides an inherently clean and simple mechanism for dividing the computational task into subunits. This inherent parallelism makes it an ideal candidate for highly parallel architectures." (Guido Deboeck & Teuvo Kohonen (Eds), "Visual Explorations in Finance with Self-Organizing Maps 2nd Ed.", 2000)

"Execution of more than one thing at the same time, typically using multiple CPUs (but not always). Additionally, parallel processing used in hand with partitioning can result in some very effective performance improvements." (Gavin Powell, "Beginning Database Design", 2006)

"A method of processing that can run only on a computer that contains two or more processors running simultaneously. Parallel processing differs from multiprocessing in the way a task is distributed over the available processors. In multiprocessing, a process might be divided up into sequential blocks, with one processor managing access to a database, another analyzing the data, and a third handling graphical output to the screen. Programmers working with systems that perform parallel processing must find ways to divide a task so that it is more or less evenly distributed among the processors available." (Microsoft, "SQL Server 2012 Glossary", 2012)

"Parallel computing, also known as parallel programming, is a process where large compute problems are broken down into smaller problems that can be solved simultaneously by multiple processors." (IBM) [source]

"Parallel processing is a method of simultaneously breaking up and running program tasks on multiple microprocessors in order speed up performance time. Parallel processing may be accomplished with a single computer that has two or more processors (CPUs) or with multiple computer processors connected over a computer network. Parallel processing may also be referred to as parallel computing." (Techopedia) [source]

"Parallel computing is a type of computer structure in which multiple processes are executed at the same time. It is the opposite of serial computing, in which one task is broken down into a set of instructions that are processed individually in sequential order. Parallel computing is closely related to concurrent computing, but they are distinct concepts; with the former, all of the computational tasks are interrelated, while the latter deals with processes that are unrelated or significantly varied in nature." (Webopedia) [source]

🧱IT: Software-as-a-Service [SaaS] (Definitions)

"A distribution method for software through a network interface." (DAMA International, "The DAMA Dictionary of Data Management", 2011)

"Applications that are licensed to customers for use as a service on demand." (Gina Abudi & Brandon Toropov, "The Complete Idiot's Guide to Best Practices for Small Business", 2011)

"a software deployment model where a provider licenses an application to customers for use over the Internet, without requiring purchase and installation of the licenses." (Bill Holtsnider & Brian D Jaffe, "IT Manager's Handbook" 3rd Ed., 2012)

"The delivery of computer applications over the Internet." (Marcia Kaufman et al, "Big Data For Dummies", 2013)

"A delivery mechanism in which an application and all of the associated resources are provided to organizations by a vendor, typically through a web browser. Commonly abbreviated as SaaS." (Manish Agrawal, "Information Security and IT Risk Management", 2014)

"Abbreviation for software as a service. It is the capability provided to the consumer to use the provider’s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure, including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings." (James R Kalyvas & Michael R Overly, "Big Data: A Businessand Legal Guide", 2015)

"Software as a Service is the delivery of computer applications over the Internet on a per user per month charge basis." (Judith S Hurwitz, "Cognitive Computing and Big Data Analytics", 2015)

"A model of software deployment or service where customers use applications on demand." (Mike Harwood, "Internet Security: How to Defend Against Attackers on the Web" 2nd Ed., 2015)

"An approach to software licensing and delivery in which software is hosted remotely in the cloud and accessed via an Internet browser." (Jonathan Ferrar et al, "The Power of People: Learn How Successful Organizations Use Workforce Analytics To Improve Business Performance", 2017)

"Cloud application services in which applications are delivered over the Internet by the software provider, typically for a monthly fixed fee. The applications are not installed, nor do they run on the client’s computers; instead, they are accessed by a Web browser. Two important characteristics of SaaS are as follows: Network and Web-based access to commercial software computing services in which the processing is done on a third party server, rather than at each customer’s location. A tenant-based pricing model for hardware, software, administration, and consulting services." (John H Higgins & Bryan L Smith, "10 Steps to a Digital Practice in the Cloud" 2nd Ed., 2017)

"Software as a service refers to the delivery of software-based business tools via the Internet as an alternative to traditional on-premise installations." (Informatica) [source]

"Software-as-a-service (SaaS) is a model of software distribution where customers pay a monthly subscription or licensing fee and a third-party, typically the software vendor, makes the application available over the internet. SaaS is one of the primary commercial applications of cloud computing, along with infrastructure-as-a-service (Iaas) and platform-as-a-service (PaaS)." (Sumo Logic) [source]

🧱IT: Package (Definitions)

"A Data Transformation Services (DTS) object that defines one or more tasks to be executed in a coordinated sequence to import, export, or transform data." (Microsoft Corporation, "SQL Server 7.0 System Administration Training Kit", 1999)

"In PL/SQL, a program unit that can contain other PL/SQL constructs, including procedures, functions, variables, constants, exceptions, datatypes, and cursors. Packages have a specification that serves as an API, and an optional body. In addition to providing some features available in no other way (such as overloading and the ability to save variable state throughout a session), packages can improve software design, performance, and reusability." (Bill Pribyl & Steven Feuerstein, "Learning Oracle PL/SQL", 2001)

"A group of affiliated Java classes and interfaces. Packages organize classes into distinct name spaces. Classes are placed in packages by using the package keyword in the class definition. A package limits the visibility of classes and minimizes name collision." (Marcus Green & Bill Brogden, "Java 2™ Programmer Exam Cram™ 2 (Exam CX-310-035)", 2003)

"A container of tasks used by Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Integration Services (SSIS) that can be organized into a specific sequence for processing Analysis Services commands, to name just one capability of SSIS." (Reed Jacobsen & Stacia Misner, "Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Analysis Services Step by Step", 2006)

"An executable module that is a collection of class implementations." (David C Hay, "Data Model Patterns: A Metadata Map", 2010)

"In UML, a package is a graphical mechanism used to organize classes into groups for better readability." (Toby J Teorey, ", Database Modeling and Design" 4th Ed., 2010)

"A collection of control flow and data flow elements that runs as a unit." (SQL Server 2012 Glossary, "Microsoft", 2012)

"A namespace for global variables, subroutines, and the like, such that they can be kept separate from like-named symbols in other namespaces. In a sense, only the package is global, since the symbols in the package’s symbol table are only accessible from code compiled outside the package by naming the package. But in another sense, all package symbols are also globals - they’re just well-organized globals." (Jon Orwant et al, "Programming Perl" 4th Ed., 2012)

"In Java programming, a group of types. Packages are declared with the package keyword. (Sun) In PL/SQL programming, a collection of database objects that is defined by using a CREATE PACKAGE statement and represented as a module. See also module. A control-structure database object produced during program preparation that can contain both executable forms of static SQL statements or XQuery expressions and placement holders for executable forms of dynamic SQL statements." (Sybase, "Open Server Server-Library/C Reference Manual", 2019)

🧱IT: Platform-as-a-Service [PaaS] (Definitions)

"PaaS is defined as a computing platform delivered as a service." (Martin Oberhofer et al, "The Art of Enterprise Information Architecture", 2010)

"Delivery of an application development platform (hardware and software) from a third party via the Internet without having to buy and manage these resources." (Bill Holtsnider & Brian D Jaffe, "IT Manager's Handbook" 3rd Ed., 2012)

"A cloud service that abstracts the computing services, including the operating software and the development and deployment and management life cycle. It sits on top of Infrastructure as a Service." (Marcia Kaufman et al, "Big Data For Dummies", 2013)

"A cloud service that abstracts the computing services, including the operating software and the development, deployment, and management life cycle. It sits on top of Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)." (Judith S Hurwitz, "Cognitive Computing and Big Data Analytics", 2015)

"Delivery of a computing platform as a service." (Mike Harwood, "Internet Security: How to Defend Against Attackers on the Web" 2nd Ed., 2015)

"The capability provided to the customer to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure customer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure, including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations." (James R Kalyvas & Michael R Overly, "Big Data: A Businessand Legal Guide", 2015)

"A cloud-based service that typically provides a platform on which software can be developed and deployed." (H James Harrington & William S Ruggles, "Project Management for Performance Improvement Teams", 2018)

"A complete application platform for multitenant cloud environments that includes development tools, runtime, and administration and management tools and services, PaaS combines an application platform with managed cloud infrastructure services." (Forrester)

"A services providing all the necessary infrastructure for cloud computing solutions." (Analytics Insight)

🧱IT: Best Practices (Definitions)

"A preferred and repeatable action or set of actions completed to fulfill a specific requirement or set of requirements during the phases within a product-development process." (Clyde M Creveling, "Six Sigma for Technical Processes: An Overview for R Executives, Technical Leaders, and Engineering Managers", 2006)

"A process or method that is generally recognized to produce superior results. The application of these should result in a positive, measurable change." (Tilak Mitra et al, "SOA Governance", 2008)

"A technique or methodology that, through past experience and research, has proven to reliably lead to a desired result. A commitment to using the best practices in any field (for example, in the domain of IT Architecture) ensures leveraging past experience and all of the knowledge and technology at one’s disposal to ensure success." (Allen Dreibelbis et al, "Enterprise Master Data Management", 2008)

"An effective way of doing something. It can relate to anything from writing program code to IT governance." (Judith Hurwitz et al, "Service Oriented Architecture For Dummies" 2nd Ed., 2009)

"A best practice is commonly understood to be a well-proven, repeatable, and established technique, method, tool, process, or activity that is more certain in delivering the desired results. This indicates that a best practice typically has been used by a large number of people or organizations and/or over a long time, with significant results that are clearly superior over other practices. Knowledge patterns can be used to formalize the description of a best practice." (Jörg Rech et al, "Knowledge Patterns" [in "Encyclopedia of Knowledge Management" 2nd Ed.], 2011)

"A specific method that improves the performance of a team or an organization and can be replicated or adapted elsewhere. Best practices often take the form of guidelines, principles, or ideas that are endorsed by a person or governing body that attests to the viability of the best practice." (Gina Abudi & Brandon Toropov, "The Complete Idiot's Guide to Best Practices for Small Business", 2011)

"A technique, method, process, discipline, incentive, or reward generally considered to be more effective at delivering a particular outcome than by other means." (Craig S Mullins, "Database Administration", 2012)

"In general, Best Practices refer to the methods, currently recognized within a given industry or discipline, to achieve a stated goal or objective. In the OPM3 context, Best Practices are achieved when an organization demonstrates consistent organizational project management processes evidenced by successful outcomes." (Project Management Institute, "Organizational Project Management Maturity Model (OPM3)" 3rd Ed, 2013)

"An effective way of doing something. It can relate to anything from writing program code to IT governance." (Marcia Kaufman et al, "Big Data For Dummies", 2013)

"Those methods, processes, or procedures that have been proven to be the most effective, based on real-world experience and measured results." (Robert F Smallwood, "Information Governance: Concepts, Strategies, and Best Practices", 2014)

"Best practices are defined as commercial or professional procedures that are accepted or prescribed as being effective most of the time. It can also be considered a heuristic, in that is a rule of thumb that generally succeeds but is not guaranteed to always work in every instance." (Michael Winburn & Aaron Wheeler, "Cloud Storage Security", 2015)

"A 'benchmarking' approach where organisations determine who the leader in a particular practice is and then copy that approach. Useful for achieving efficiencies but may diminish differentiation if not used with caution at the strategic level." (Duncan Angwin & Stephen Cummings, "The Strategy Pathfinder" 3rd Ed., 2017)

"A proven activity or process that has been successfully used by multiple enterprises." (ISACA) 

"A superior method or innovative practice that contributes to the improved performance of an organization, usually recognized as best by other peer organizations." (American Society for Quality)

🧱IT: Change Management [CM] (Definitions)

"The disciplined use of a defined process to control project modifications, additions, and deletions." (Timothy J  Kloppenborg et al, "Project Leadership", 2003)

"The process allowing changes to applications to occur in a predictable fashion with minimal or no impact on the service. Change management applies to all phases of a lifecycle." (Allan Hirt et al, "Microsoft SQL Server 2000 High Availability", 2004)

"Process of enabling change in an organization as a result of a system implementation." (Janice M Roehl-Anderson, "IT Best Practices for Financial Managers", 2010)

"(1) A structured approach to transitioning individuals, teams, and organizations from a current state to a desired future state. (2) Controlled way to effect a change, or a proposed change, to a product or service." (Requirements Engineering Qualifications Board, "Standard glossary of terms used in Requirements Engineering", 2011)

"A structured approach to transition individuals, teams, and organizations from a current state to a desired future state, which includes managing change as part of systems development to avoid user resistance to business and system changes." (Linda Volonino & Efraim Turban, "Information Technology for Management" 8th Ed, 2011)

"Involves problem solving in a concerted effort to adapt to changing organizational needs." (Joan C Dessinger, "Fundamentals of Performance Improvement" 3rd Ed, 2012)

"The process of communicating and managing change throughout the organization." (Charles Cooper & Ann Rockley, "Managing Enterprise Content: A Unified Content Strategy, 2nd Ed.", 2012)

"The management of change in operational processes and applications. Change management is critical when IT organizations are managing software infrastructure in conjunction with new development processes. All software elements have to be synchronized so that they work as intended." (Marcia Kaufman et al, "Big Data For Dummies", 2013)

"A program designed to prevent unintended outages from changes. Personnel submit change requests, and appropriate experts review them to identify unintended consequences. Personnel do not make changes until the change goes through the change management process." (Darril Gibson, "Effective Help Desk Specialist Skills", 2014)

"The organization's effort to control and manage the introduction of new changes to the current operating model to ensure gradual and successful adoption." (Jim Davis & Aiman Zeid, "Business Transformation: A Roadmap for Maximizing Organizational Insights", 2014)

"Methods and best practices to assist an organization and its employees in implementing changes to business processes, culture, and systems." (Robert F Smallwood, "Information Governance: Concepts, Strategies, and Best Practices", 2014)

"The process, tools, and techniques to manage the people side of change to achieve a required business outcome." (Jonathan Ferrar et al, "The Power of People: Learn How Successful Organizations Use Workforce Analytics To Improve Business Performance", 2017)

"A business process aimed at deliberately regulating the changing nature of business activities such as projects." (Shon Harris & Fernando Maymi, "CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, 8th Ed", 2018)

"Process responsible for controlling the lifecycle of all changes" (ITIL)

 "The process, tools, coordination, and planning to manage the people side of change through sentiment awareness and change-management skills that together achieve a required state of business agility." (Forrester)

🧱IT: Internet of Things [IoT] (Definitions)

"A term used to describe the community or collection of people and items that use the Internet to communicate with other." (Kenneth A Shaw, "Integrated Management of Processes and Information", 2013)

"The embedding of objects with sensors, coupled with the ability of objects to communicate, driving an explosion in the growth of big data." (Brenda L Dietrich et al, "Analytics Across the Enterprise", 2014)

"The Internet of Things entails the aim of all physical or uniquely identifiable objects being connected through wired and wireless networks. In this notion, every object would be virtually represented. Connecting objects in this way offers a whole new universe of possibilities. Real-time analysis of big data streams could enhance productivity and safety of systems (for example, roadways and cars being part of the Internet of Things could help to manage traffic flow). It can also make everyday life more convenient and sustainable (such as connecting all household devices to save electricity)." (Martin Hoegl et al, "Using Thematic Thinking to Achieve Business Success, Growth, and Innovation", 2014)

"IOT refers to a network of machines that have sensors and are interconnected enabling them to collect and exchange data. This interconnection enables devices to be controlled remotely resulting in process efficiencies and lower costs." (Saumya Chaki, "Enterprise Information Management in Practice", 2015)

"An interconnected network of physical devices, vehicles, buildings, and other items embedded with sensors that gather and share data." (Jonathan Ferrar et al, "The Power of People: Learn How Successful Organizations Use Workforce Analytics To Improve Business Performance", 2017)

"Ordinary devices that are connected to the Internet at any time, anywhere, via sensors." (Jason Williamson, "Getting a Big Data Job For Dummies", 2015)

"Also referred to as IoT. Term that describes the connectivity of objects to the Internet and the ability for these objects to send and receive data from each other." (Brittany Bullard, "Style and Statistics", 2016)

"computing or 'smart' devices often with ­sensor capability and the ability to collect, share, and transfer data using the Internet." (Daniel J. Power & Ciara Heavin, "Data-Based Decision Making and Digital Transformation", 2018)

"The wide-scale deployment of small, low-power computing devices into everyday devices, such as thermostats, refrigerators, clothing, and even into people themselves to continuously monitor health." (O Sami Saydjari, "Engineering Trustworthy Systems: Get Cybersecurity Design Right the First Time", 2018)

"A network of physical objects that have, like cell phones and laptops, internet connectivity enabling automatic communication between them and any other machine connected to the internet without human intervention." (Sue Milton, "Data Privacy vs. Data Security", 2021)

"Integration of various processes such as identifying, sensing, networking, and computation." (Revathi Rajendran et al, "Convergence of AI, ML, and DL for Enabling Smart Intelligence: Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Internet of Things", 2021)

"It is an interdisciplinary field who is associated with the electronics and computer science. Electronics deals with the development of new sensors or hardware for IoT device and computer science deals with the development of software, protocols and cloud based solution to store the data generated form these IoT devices."  (Ajay Sharma, "Smart Agriculture Services Using Deep Learning, Big Data, and IoT", 2021)

"IoT is a network of real-world objects which consists of sensors, software, and other technologies to exchange data with the other systems over the internet." (Hari K Kondaveeti et al, "Deep Learning Applications in Agriculture: The Role of Deep Learning in Smart Agriculture", 2021)

"This refers to a system of inter-connected computing and smart devices, that are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human interaction." (Wissam Abbass et al, "Internet of Things Application for Intelligent Cities: Security Risk Assessment Challenges", 2021)

"describes the network where sensing elements such as sensors, cameras, and devices are increasingly linked together via the internet to connect, communicate and exchange information." (Accenture)

"ordinary devices that are connected to the internet at any time anywhere via sensors." (Analytics Insight)

"Technologies that enable objects and infrastructure to interact with monitoring, analytics, and control systems over internet-style networks." (Forrester)

🧱IT: Standardization (Definitions)

"The imposition of standards which, in turn, are fixed ways of doing things that are widely recognized." (Roy Rada &  Heather Holden, "Online Education, Standardization, and Roles", 2009)

"Formulation, publication, and implementation of guidelines, rules, methods, procedures and specifications for common and repeated use, aimed at achieving optimum degree of order or uniformity in given context, discipline, or field; standards are most frequently developed on international level; there exist national standardization bodies cooperating with international bodies; standards can be either legally binding or de facto standards followed by informal convention or voluntary standards (recommendations)." (Lenka Lhotska et al,"Interoperability of Medical Devices and Information Systems", 2013)

"A framework of agreements to which all relevant parties in an industry or organization must adhere to ensure that all processes associated with the creation of a good or performance of a service are performed within set guideline." (Victor A Afonso & Maria de Lurdes Calisto, "Innovation in Experiential Services: Trends and Challenges", 2015)

"The development of uniform specifications for materials, products, processes, practices, measurement, or performance, usually via consultation with stakeholders and sanction by a recognized body, providing for improvements in productivity, interoperability, cooperation, and accountability." (Gregory A Smith, "Assessment in Academic Libraries", 2015)

"A process of developing and implementing technical standards based on consensus among various stakeholders in the field. Standardization can greatly assist with compatibility and interoperability of otherwise disparate software components, where consistent solutions enable mutual gains for all stakeholders." (Krzysztof Krawiec et al, "Metaheuristic Design Patterns: New Perspectives for Larger-Scale Search Architectures", 2018)

"The process through which a standard is developed." (Kai Jakobs, "ICT Standardization", 2018)

"Is a framework of agreements to which professionals in an organization must accept to ensure that all processes associated with the creation of a product or service are performed within set guidelines, achieving uniformity to certain practices or operations within the selected environment. It can be seen as a professional strategy to strengthen professional trust and provide a sense of certainty for professionals or it can be interpreted as a way to lose professionalization and as an adjustment to organizational demands." (Joana V Guerra, "Digital Professionalism: Challenges and Opportunities to Healthcare Professions", 2019)

"The process of making things of the same kind, including products and services, have the same basic features and the same requirements." (Julia Krause, "Through Harmonization of National Technical Regulations to More Sustainability in Engineering Business", 2019)

🧱IT: Cloud (Definitions)

"A set of computers, typically maintained in a data center, that can be allocated dynamically and accessed remotely. Unlike a cluster, cloud computers are typically managed by a third party and may host multiple applications from different, unrelated users." (Michael McCool et al, "Structured Parallel Programming", 2012)

"A network that delivers requested virtual resources as a service." (IBM, "Informix Servers 12.1", 2014)

"A secure computing environment accessed via the Internet." (Faithe Wempen, "Computing Fundamentals: Introduction to Computers", 2015)

"Products and services managed by a third-party company and made available through the Internet." (David K Pham, "From Business Strategy to Information Technology Roadmap", 2016)

"It has the ability to offer and to assist any kind of useful information without any limitations for users." (Shigeki Sugiyama. "Human Behavior and Another Kind in Consciousness: Emerging Research and Opportunities", 2019)

"Remote server and distributed computing environment used to store data and provision computing related services as and when needed on a pay-as-you-go basis." (Wissam Abbass et al, "Internet of Things Application for Intelligent Cities: Security Risk Assessment Challenges", 2021)

"The virtual world in which information technology tools and services are available for hire, use and storage via the internet, Wi-Fi and physical attributes ranging from IT components to data storage." (Sue Milton, "Data Privacy vs. Data Security", 2021)

"uses a network of remote servers hosted on the internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than requiring a local server or a personal computer." (Accenture)