"A backup of the transaction log that flushes the transactions from the transaction log to a file. To have transaction log backup integrity, each consecutive file must not break the LSN chain." (Allan Hirt et al, "Microsoft SQL Server 2000 High Availability", 2004)
"A backup of transaction logs that includes all log records not backed up in previous log backups. Log backups are required under the full and bulk-logged recovery models and are unavailable under the simple recovery model." (SQL Server 2012 Glossary, "Microsoft", 2012)
"This type of backup makes a copy of all transactions in the transaction log, and it can clear all the inactive transactions from the log, thus giving the log more space to hold new transactions." (Joseph L Jorden & Dandy Weyn, "MCTS Microsoft SQL Server 2005: Implementation and Maintenance Study Guide - Exam 70-431", 2006)
"A backup of transaction logs that includes all log records not backed up in previous log backups. Log backups are required under the full and bulk-logged recovery models and are unavailable under the simple recovery model." (Microsoft, "SQL Server 2012 Glossary", 2012)
"Special database backups that contain a sequential record of all data modifications that have occurred within a database. Transaction log backups can be used to perform point-in-time recovery. See also point-in-time recovery." (Mark Rhodes-Ousley, "Information Security: The Complete Reference, Second Edition, 2nd Ed.", 2013)
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