"A module within SQL Server that acts as the interface between SQL Server and the operating system." (Karen Paulsell et al, "Sybase SQL Server: Performance and Tuning Guide", 1996)
"The essential core component of the server that handles several functions, such as task scheduling, disk caching, locking, and executing compiled queries." (Microsoft Corporation, "SQL Server 7.0 System Administration Training Kit", 1999)
"In SQL Server 2000, a subset of the storage engine that is referenced in some error messages. In Windows 2000, the core of the operating system that performs basic operations." (Anthony Sequeira & Brian Alderman, "The SQL Server 2000 Book", 2003)
"A general term for a small section of code that (1) executes a large amount of computation relative to other parts of the program (also known as a hotspot), and/or (2) is the key code sequence for an algorithm." (Michael McCool et al, "Structured Parallel Programming", 2012)
"The part of an operating system that contains programs for such tasks as input/output, management and control of hardware, and the scheduling of user tasks." (IBM, "Informix Servers 12.1", 2014)
"the software which provides controls for hardware devices, manages memory, executes code on the computer's CPU, and hides the details of the underlying physical hardware from user applications." ( Manish Agrawal, "Information Security and IT Risk Management", 2014)
"The core of an operating system, a kernel manages the machine’s hardware resources (including the processor and the memory) and provides and controls the way any other software component accesses these resources." (Shon Harris & Fernando Maymi, "CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide" 8th Ed., 2018)
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