"A formal way of annotating a document or collection of digital data using embedded encoding tags to indicate the structure of the document or datafile and the contents of its data elements. This markup also provides a computer with information about how to process and display marked-up documents. HTML, XML, and SGML are examples of standardized markup languages." (J P Getty Trust, "Introduction to Metadata" 2nd Ed., 2008)
"A markup language is used to structure a document’s character data into logical components, and 'name' them in a manner that is useful. These labels (element names) provide either formatting information about how the character data should be visually presented (for a word processor or a web browser, for instance) or they can provide 'semantic' (meaningful) information about what kind of data the component represents. Markup languages provide a simple format for exchanging text-based character data that can be understood by both humans and machines." (Craig F Smith & H Peter Alesso, "Thinking on the Web: Berners-Lee, Gödel and Turing", 2008)
"A way of encoding information that uses plain text containing special tags often delimited by angle brackets (< and >). Specific markup languages are often created, based on XML, to standardize the interchange of information between different computer systems and services. See also XML." (Judith Hurwitz et al, "Service Oriented Architecture For Dummies" 2nd Ed., 2009)
"A set of special codes placed inside a text document to identify the elements of the document and optionally to give instructions to software using the document." (Jan L Harrington, "SQL Clearly Explained" 3rd Ed. , 2010)
"A set of symbols or rules that describe format, structure, or display of a document or file separate from the actual contents." (DAMA International, "The DAMA Dictionary of Data Management", 2011)
"A mechanism to identify structures in a document." (Charles Cooper & Ann Rockley, "Managing Enterprise Content: A Unified Content Strategy" 2nd Ed., 2012)
"A way of encoding information that uses plain text containing special tags often delimited by angle brackets (< and >). Specific markup languages are based on XML to standardize the interchange of information between different computer systems and services. See also XML." (Marcia Kaufman et al, "Big Data For Dummies", 2013)
"A language that uses tags to annotate the information in a document" (Nell Dale & John Lewis, "Computer Science Illuminated, 6th Ed.", 2015)
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