⛩️Maurice V Wilkes - Collected Quotes

"As soon as we started programming, we found out to our surprise that it wasn't as easy to get programs right as we had thought. Debugging had to be discovered. I can remember the exact instant when I realized that a large part of my life from then on was going to be spent in finding mistakes in my own programs." (Maurice Wilkes, 1949)

"A source of strength in the early days was that groups in various parts of the world were prepared to construct experimental computers without necessarily intending them to be the prototype for serial production. As a result, there became available a body of knowledge about what would work and what would not work." (Maurice V Wilkes, "Computers Then and Now", 1968)

"Acceptance of the idea that a processor does one thing at a time - at any rate as the programmer sees it - made programming conceptually very simple, and paved the way for the layer upon layer of sophistication that we have seen develop. [...] Revolutionary advances, if they come, must come by the exploitation of the high degree of parallelism that the use of integrated circuits will make possible. The problem is to secure a satisfactorily high factor of hardware utilization, since, without this, parallelism will not give us greater power." (Maurice V Wilkes, "Computers Then and Now", 1968)

"At the present time, choosing a programming language is equivalent to choosing a data structure, and if that data structure does not fit the data you want to manipulate then it is too bad. It would, in a sense, be more logical first to choose a data structure appropriate to the problem and then look around for, or construct with a kit of tools provided, a language suitable for manipulating that data structure." (Maurice V Wilkes, "Computers Then and Now", 1968)

"In the judgment of design engineers, the ordinary means of communicating with a computer are entirely inadequate. […] Graphical communication in some form or other is of vital importance in engineering as that subject is now conducted; we must either provide the capability in our computer systems, or take on the impossible task of training up a future race of engineers conditioned to think in a different way." (Maurice V Wilkes, "Computers Then and Now", 1968)

"Surveying the shifts of interest among computer scientists and the ever-expanding family of those who depend on computers for their work, one cannot help being struck by the power of the computer to bind together, in a genuine community of interest, people whose motivations differ widely." (Maurice V Wilkes, "Computers Then and Now", 1968)

"The artificial intelligence approach may not be altogether the right one to make to the problem of designing automatic assembly devices. Animals and machines are constructed from entirely different materials and on quite different principles. When engineers have tried to draw inspiration from a study of the way animals work they have usually been misled; the history of early attempts to construct flying machines with flapping wings illustrates this very clearly." (Maurice V Wilkes, "Computers Then and Now", 1968)

"The realization came over me with full force that a good part of the remainder of my life was going to be spent in finding errors in my own programs." (Maurice Wilkes, "Memoirs of a Computer Pioneer", 1985)

⛩️Richard W Hamming - Collected Quotes

"The purpose of computing is insight, not numbers […] sometimes […] the purpose of computing numbers is not yet in sight." (Richard Hamming, “Numerical Methods for Scientists and Engineers”, 1962)

"Computer based simulation is now in wide spread use to analyse system models and evaluate theoretical solutions to observed problems. Since important decisions must rely on simulation, it is essential that its validity be tested, and that its advocates be able to describe the level of authentic representation which they achieved." (Richard Hamming, 1975)

"Probability is the mathematics of uncertainty. Not only do we constantly face situations in which there is neither adequate data nor an adequate theory, but many modem theories have uncertainty built into their foundations. Thus learning to think in terms of probability is essential. Statistics is the reverse of probability (glibly speaking). In probability you go from the model of the situation to what you expect to see; in statistics you have the observations and you wish to estimate features of the underlying model." (Richard W Hamming, "Methods of Mathematics Applied to Calculus, Probability, and Statistics", 1985)

"Probability plays a central role in many fields, from quantum mechanics to information theory, and even older fields use probability now that the presence of 'noise' is officially admitted. The newer aspects of many fields start with the admission of uncertainty." (Richard W Hamming, "Methods of Mathematics Applied to Calculus, Probability, and Statistics", 1985)

"There is a universality about mathematics; what was created to explain one phenomenon is very often later found to be useful in explaining other, apparently unrelated, phenomena. Theories that were developed to explain some poorly measured effects are often found to fit later, much more accurate measurements. Furthermore, from measurements over a limited range the theory is often found to fit a far wider range. Finally, and perhaps most unreasonably, quite regularly from the mathematics alone new phenomena, previously unknown and unsuspected, are successfully predicted. This universality of mathematics could, of course, be a reflection of the way the human mind works and not of the external world, but most people believe it reflects reality." (Richard W Hamming, "Methods of Mathematics Applied to Calculus, Probability, and Statistics", 1985) 

"There is always a gap between the mathematics and reality. Most of us believe that the world is made out of molecules, and when you try to make very, very accurate measurements, the random movement of the molecules will defeat your attempts at ultimate precision. In the modem theory of quantum mechanics, it is widely believed that you cannot, even in principle, precisely measure both the position and momentum (velocity times mass) of a particle at the same time; thus in this interpretation of quantum mechanics it is impossible, even theoretically, to get arbitrarily accurate measurements at the same time on certain properties of a particle. In practice, from the physical world we abstract a mathematical idealization of what is going on, and then we operate on the mathematical model. Finally, we try to interpret the mathematical results back into physical reality. Surprisingly often we get useful results, but now and then we get nonsense. You need to develop your intuition about the reality of the mathematical models you see." (Richard W Hamming, "Methods of Mathematics Applied to Calculus, Probability, and Statistics", 1985)

"A model can not be proved to be correct; at best it can only be found to be reasonably consistant and not to contradict some of our beliefs of what reality is." (Richard W Hamming, "The Art of Probability for Scientists and Engineers", 1991)

"A model is often judged by how well it "explains" some observations. There need not be a unique model for a particular situation, nor need a model cover every possible special case. A model is not reality, it merely helps to explain some of our impressions of reality. [...] Different models may thus seem to contradict each other, yet we may use both in their appropriate places." (Richard W Hamming, "The Art of Probability for Scientists and Engineers", 1991)

"All of engineering involves some creativity to cover the parts not known, and almost all of science includes some practical engineering to translate the abstractions into practice." (Richard W Hamming, "The Art of Probability for Scientists and Engineers", 1991)

"It is generally recognized that it is dangerous to apply any part of science without understanding what is behind the theory. This is especially true in the field of probability since in practice there is not a single agreed upon model of probability, but rather there are many widely different models of varying degrees of relevance and reliability. Thus the philosophy behind probability should not be neglected by presenting a nice set of postulates and then going forward; even the simplest applications of probability can involve the underlying philosophy." (Richard W Hamming, "The Art of Probability for Scientists and Engineers", 1991)

"Mathematics is not just a collection of results, often called theorems; it is a style of thinking. Computing is also basically a style of thinking. Similarly, probability is a style of thinking." (Richard W Hamming, "The Art of Probability for Scientists and Engineers", 1991)

"A neural net, in case you are unfamiliar with them, can learn to get results when you give it a series of inputs and acceptable outputs, without ever saying how to produce the results. They can classify objects into classes which are reasonable, again without being told what classes are to be used or found. They learn with simple feedback which uses the information that the result computed from an input is not acceptable. In a way they represent a solution to 'the programming problem' - once they are built they are really not programmed at all, but still they can solve a wide variety of problems satisfactorily. They are a coming field [...], but they will probably play a large part in the future of computers. In a sense they are a 'hard wired' computer (it may be merely a program) to solve a wide class of problems when a few parameters are chosen and a lot of data is supplied." (Richard Hamming, "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn", 1997)

"[...] a systems engineering job is never done. One reason is the presence of the solution changes the environment and produces new problems to be met. [...] A second reason the systems engineers design is never completed is the solution offered to the original problem usually produces both deeper insight and dissatisfactions in the engineers themselves. Furthermore, while the design phase continually goes from proposed solution to evaluation and back again and again, there comes a time when this process of redefinement must stop and the real problem coped with - thus giving what they realize is, in the long run, a suboptimal solution." (Richard Hamming, "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn", 1997)

"Accuracy of measurement tends to get confused with relevance of measurement, much more than most people believe. That a measurement is accurate, reproducible, and easy to make does not mean it should be done, instead a much poorer one which is more closely related to your goals may be much preferable." (Richard Hamming, "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn", 1997)

"All things which are proved to be impossible must obviously rest on some assumptions, and when one or more of these assumptions are not true then the impossibility proof fails - but the expert seldom remembers to carefully inspect the assumptions before making their 'impossible' statements." (Richard Hamming, "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn", 1997)

"Another curious phenomenon you may meet is in fitting data to a model there are errors in both the data and the model. For example, a normal distribution may be assumed, but the tails may in fact be larger or smaller than the model predicts, and possibly no negative values can occur although the normal distribution allows them. Thus there are two sources of error. As your ability to make more accurate measurements increases the error due to the model becomes an increasing part of the error." (Richard Hamming, "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn", 1997)

"Good design protects you from the need for too many highly accurate components in the system. But such design principles are still, to this date, ill-understood and need to be researched extensively. Not that good designers do not understand this intuitively, merely it is not easily incorporated into the design methods you were taught in school. Good minds are still needed in spite of all the computing tools we have developed." (Richard Hamming, "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn", 1997)

"If the data is usually bad, and you find that you have to gather some data, what can you do to do a better job? First, recognize what I have repeatedly said to you, the human animal was not designed to be reliable; it cannot count accurately, it can do little or nothing repetitive with great accuracy. [...] Second, you cannot gather a really large amount of data accurately. It is a known fact which is constantly ignored. It is always a matter of limited resources and limited time. [...] Third, much social data is obtained via questionnaires. But it a well documented fact the way the questions are phrased, the way they are ordered in sequence, the people who ask them or come along and wait for them to be filled out, all have serious effects on the answers."  (Richard Hamming, "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn", 1997)

"If you want to be certain then you are apt to be obsolete." (Richard Hamming, "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn", 1997)

"In an argument between a specialist and a generalist the expert usually wins by simply: (1) using unintelligible jargon, and (2) citing their specialist results which are often completely irrelevant to the discussion. The expert is, therefore, a potent factor to be reckoned with in our society. Since experts are both necessary, and also at times do great harm in blocking significant progress, they need to be examined closely. All too often the expert misunderstands the problem at hand, but the generalist cannot carry though their side to completion. The person who thinks they understand the problem and does not is usually more of a curse (blockage) than the person who knows they do not understand the problem." (Richard Hamming, "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn", 1997)

"It has been my experience, as well as many others who have looked, data is generally much less accurate than it is advertised to be. This is not a trivial point - we depend on initial data for many decisions, as well as for the input data for simulations which result in decisions." (Richard Hamming, "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn", 1997)

"Machines do not produce logical novelty when working properly, but they certainly produce psychological novelty - programmers are constantly being surprised by what the program they wrote actually does! But can you as a human produce logical novelty? A careful examination of people's reports on their great discoveries often shows they were led by past experiences to finding the result they did. Circumstances led them to success; psychological but not logical novelty. Are you not prepared by past experiences to do what you do, to make the discoveries you do? Is logical novelty actually possible?" (Richard Hamming, "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn", 1997)

"One trouble with much of programming is simply that often there is not a well defined job to be done, rather the programming process itself will gradually discover what the problem is! The desire that you be given a well defined problem before you start programming often does not match reality, and hence a lot of the current proposals to 'solve the programming problem' will fall to the ground if adopted rigorously." (Richard Hamming, "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn", 1997)

"Probably the most important tool in creativity is the use of an analogy. Something seems like something else which we knew in the past. Wide acquaintance with various fields of knowledge is thus a help - provided you have the knowledge filed away so it is available when needed, rather than to be found only when led directly to it. This flexible access to pieces of knowledge seems to come from looking at knowledge while you are acquiring it from many different angles, turning over any new idea to see its many sides before filing it away." (Richard Hamming, "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn", 1997)

"Sometimes the mathematician can accurately estimate the frequency content of the signal (possibly from the answer being computed), but usually you have to go to the designers and get their best estimates. A competent designer should be able to deliver such estimates, and if they cannot then you need to do a lot of exploring of the solutions to estimate this critical number, the sampling rate of the digital solution. The step by step solution of a problem is actually sampling the function, and you can use adaptive methods of step by step solution if you wish." (Richard Hamming, "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn", 1997)

"Systems engineering is the attempt to keep at all times the larger goals in mind and to translate local actions into global results. But there is no single larger picture. [...] Systems engineering is a hard trade to follow; it is so easy to get lost in the details! Easy to say; hard to do." (Richard Hamming, "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn", 1997)

"The computers make it possible for robots to do many things, including much of the present manufacturing. Evidently computers will play a dominant role in robot operation, though one must be careful not to claim the standard von Neumann type of computer will be the sole control mechanism, rather probably the current neural net computers, fuzzy set logic, and variations will do much of the control." (Richard Hamming, "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn", 1997)

"The desire for excellence is an essential feature for doing great work. Without such a goal you will tend to wander like a drunken sailor. The sailor takes one step in one direction and the next in some independent direction. As a result the steps tend to cancel each other, and the expected distance from the starting point is proportional to the square root of the number of steps taken. With a vision of excellence, and with the goal of doing significant work, there is tendency for the steps to go in the same direction and thus go a distance proportional to the number of steps taken, which in a lifetime is a large number indeed." (Richard Hamming, "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn", 1997)

"[...] the human brain has many, many components in the form of nerves interconnected with each other. We want to have the definition of 'thinking' to be something the human brain can do. With past failures to program a machine to think, the excuse is often given that the machine was not big enough, fast enough, etc. Some people conclude from this if we build a big enough machine then automatically it will be able to think! Remember, it seems to be more the problem of writing the program than it is building a machine, unless you believe, as with friction, enough small parts - will produce a new effect - thinking from non-thinking parts. Perhaps that is all thinking really is! Perhaps it is not a separate thing, it is just an artifact of largeness. One cannot flatly deny this as we have to admit we do not know what thinking really is." (Richard Hamming, "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn", 1997)

"The Turing test is a popular approach, but it flies in the face of the standard scientific method which starts with the easier problems before facing the harder ones. Thus I soon raised the question with myself, 'What is the smallest or close to the smallest program I would believe could think?' Clearly if the program were divided into two parts then neither piece could think. I tried thinking about it each night as I put my head on the pillow to sleep, and after a year of considering the problem and getting nowhere I decided it was the wrong question! Perhaps 'thinking' is not a yes-no thing, but maybe it is a matter of degree." (Richard Hamming, "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn", 1997)

"Things change so fast part of the system design problem is the system will be constantly upgraded in ways you do not now know in any detail! Flexibility must be part of modern design of things and processes. Flexibility built into the design means not only you will be better able to handle the changes which will come after installation, but it also contributes to your own work as the small changes which inevitably arise both in the later stages of design and in the field installation of the system." (Richard Hamming, "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn", 1997)

"Until we understand languages of communication involving humans as they are then it is unlikely many of our software problems will vanish." (Richard Hamming, "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn", 1997)

"We are beginning to find not only is intelligence not adequately defined so arguments can be settled scientifically, but a lot of other associated words like, computer, learning, information, ideas, decisions (hardly a mere branching of a program, though branch points are often called decision points to make the programmers feel more important), expert behavior - all are a bit fuzzy in our minds when we get down to the level of testing them via a program in a computer. Science has traditionally appealed to experimental evidence and not idle words, and so far science seem to have been more effective than philosophy in improving our way of life. The future can, of course, be different." (Richard Hamming, "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn", 1997)

"You must struggle with your own beliefs if you are to make any progress in understanding the possibilities and limitations of computers in the intellectual area." (Richard Hamming, "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn", 1997)

⛩️Edward Yourdon - Collected Quotes

"There is nothing in the programming field more despicable than an undocumented program." (Edward Yourdon, "Techniques of program structure and design", 1975)

"By pulling together all of the decisions affecting the choice of modules and interrelationships in a system, we necessarily affect the way in which other decisions are organized and resolved. Thus, some issues which have traditionally been approached in a certain way during the earliest phase of a project may have to be dealt with in an entirely different manner at a much later stage once the designer graduates to a structured design approach." (Edward Yourdon & Larry L Constantine, "Structured Design: Fundamentals of a discipline of computer program and systems design", 1978)

"Elements (lines of code) in a coincidentally-cohesive module have no relationship. Typically occurs as the result of modularizing existing code, to separate out redundant code." (Edward Yourdon & Larry L Constantine, "Structured Design: Fundamentals of a discipline of computer program and systems design", 1978)

"One of the critical success factors for any method and its application is its ability to facilitate communication, avoiding information  overload. So for larger models, the question is how to guide the reader into different parts of the model." (Peter Coad & Edward Yourdon, "Object-Oriented Analysis" 2nd Ed., 1991)

"[Object-oriented analysis is] the challenge of understanding the problem domain and then the system's responsibilities in that light." (Edward Yourdon, "Object-Oriented Design", 1991) 

"To us, analysis is the study of a problem domain, leading to a specification of externally observable behavior; a complete, consistent, and feasible statement of what is needed; a coverage of both functional and quantified operational characteristics (e. g. reliability, availability, performance)." (Edward Yourdon, Object-oriented design, 1991)

"All projects are behind schedule - it's just a question of when you discover that fact and how the project team will respond to the discovery. So you might as well plan for it: Create an extreme artificial crisis in the early days of the project and observe what happens." (Edward Yourdon, "Death March", 1997)

"System dynamics is a method for studying the world around us. Unlike other scientists, who study the world by breaking it up into smaller and smaller pieces, system dynamicists look at things as a whole. The central concept to system dynamics is understanding how all the objects in a system interact with one another. A system can be anything from a steam engine, to a bank account, to a basketball team. The objects and people in a system interact through 'feedback' loops, where a change in one variable affects other variables over time, which in turn affects the original variable, and so on." (Edward Yourdon, "Death March", 1997)

⛩️Laurent Bossavit - Collected Quotes

"A lot of research in software engineering strikes me as hopelessly naive in one of two ways. Most of it fails entirely to account for the social and belief aspects altogether. It looks at its object of inquiry as if it was entirely material and inert; as if 'software' was some kind of naturally occurring substance, the properties of which can be revealed in the equivalent of a test tube." (Laurent Bossavit, "The Leprechauns of Software Engineering", 2015)

"As practitioners, it is both in our interest and within our responsibility to pay attention to research. This includes not just the findings of such research, but also its processes and its institutions. Read research papers; find out what’s happening in that world and why it’s not more relevant to your work; weigh in; make your voice heard." (Laurent Bossavit, "The Leprechauns of Software Engineering", 2015)

"As software professionals, we should be interested in knowing at least the basics of our own history, for just the same reasons that as citizens we are expected to know about our national history and about world history: so that we will be able to make informed decisions and know who to trust, who to listen to; so that we are not deceived by lies. Untrue histories generally have an agenda - 'someone trying to sell you something', as the saying goes." (Laurent Bossavit, "The Leprechauns of Software Engineering", 2015)

"But 'average cost to fix one defect' is a stupid metric […] It makes bad projects look good, and good projects look bad. How? By failing to divide the costs of fixing into two categories: fixed costs of detecting and fixing defects - costs which are the same no matter how buggy or how good the product is - and variable costs, those which you pay for each defect." (Laurent Bossavit, "The Leprechauns of Software Engineering", 2015)

"But if you want to count defects, you first have to decide what (literally) counts as one. We have a hard time even agreeing among a single team on what counts as a defect - in fact I’m pretty sure my own thinking has changed over the years, so I’m not even agreeing with myself." (Laurent Bossavit, "The Leprechauns of Software Engineering", 2015)

"But we have now reached the most pressing problem in software engineering: low standards for research publications. Most of what passes for 'research' in the discipline is ridiculously careless with respect to examining the 'terms of inquiry'." (Laurent Bossavit, "The Leprechauns of Software Engineering", 2015)

"Creating mockups to communicate is not intrinsically a bad idea. But, as we are subject to confirmation bias, there’s always a risk that we will stop at our first design attempt and become reluctant to ask if there are better ways to achieve the same goals. Making these first ideas very detailed; putting them into a document; and especially blessing that document with the label 'requirements' are all moves which make further revision less likely, and put us more at risk from confirmation bias." (Laurent Bossavit, "The Leprechauns of Software Engineering", 2015)

"Debugging is known as an open-ended sort of activity, and even seasoned programmers expect variable completion times when  faced with this type of task."  (Laurent Bossavit, "The Leprechauns of Software Engineering", 2015)

"I do not dispute that there are large variations in reported measurements of programmer productivity; however, close examination of the evidence suggests that this observed variability originates in vague definitions of the term, in unreliable instruments of measurement, or in uncontrolled environmental factors, much more than it does in the intrinsic capabilities of programmers at comparable levels of training and experience." (Laurent Bossavit, "The Leprechauns of Software Engineering", 2015)

"If a picture is worth a thousand words, a false picture is a thousand times more serious than one careless word." (Laurent Bossavit, "The Leprechauns of Software Engineering", 2015)

"Often, the hard work in research isn’t in performing the experiment and collecting data (that tends to be grunt work, in fact, in most disciplines). The hard work consists of designing the experiment that will rule out the most alternative explanations for what you see happening (or think you see happening)." (Laurent Bossavit, "The Leprechauns of Software Engineering", 2015)

"Science journalism is a fine and important thing, but it has a well-known failure mode: sensationalism, where the lure of an attention-grabbing headline causes writers to toss caution to the wind and radically misrepresent a claim." (Laurent Bossavit, "The Leprechauns of Software Engineering", 2015)

"Software development […] needs to be studied with tools that borrow as much from the social and cognitive sciences as they do from the mathematical theories of computation." (Laurent Bossavit, "The Leprechauns of Software Engineering", 2015)

"Software engineering is a social process, not a naturally occurring one- it therefore has the property that what we believe about software engineering has causal impacts on what is real about software engineering." (Laurent Bossavit, "The Leprechauns of Software Engineering", 2015)

"The problem is that we cannot infer variations in individual productivity from data collected at the team level: we do not have an adequate theory of how a team’s productivity results from the aggregation of individual abilities, and in particular we cannot assume that a team’s output is a linear sum of individual 'productivities'." (Laurent Bossavit, "The Leprechauns of Software Engineering", 2015)

"The problem, as we know, is that projects are very different from each other: there are big projects and large projects, there are projects with lots of defects and projects with… even greater numbers of defects. How do we make these comparable with each other?" (Laurent Bossavit, "The Leprechauns of Software Engineering", 2015)

"The wonderful thing about over-precise statistics is that they are the easiest to expose as being Leprechauns, as you can trace their spread from one dubious source to another." (Laurent Bossavit, "The Leprechauns of Software Engineering", 2015)

"We cannot leave this enterprise to academia: that system’s inertia is too great. I believe that many of us will have to become scientists, and study software development even as we practice it." (Laurent Bossavit, "The Leprechauns of Software Engineering", 2015)

"When looking at a graph or chart, purported to be backed by empirical data, remember to ask: what specific measurement does each of the points I’m looking at represent? If the picture is a curve, and it has many more data points than were actually measured, ask: was the method for interpolating the missing points actually valid?" (Laurent Bossavit, "The Leprechauns of Software Engineering", 2015)

⛩️C Anthony R Hoare - Collected Quotes

"The most important property of a program is whether it accomplishes the intention of its user." (C Anthony R Hoare, Communications of the ACM, 1969)

"A deterministic process may be defined in terms of a mathematical function from its input channels to its output channels. Each channel is identified with the indefinitely extensible sequence of messages which pass along it. Such functions are defined in the usual way by recursion on the structure of the input sequences, except that the case of an empty input sequence is not considered." (C Anthony R Hoare, "Communicating Sequential Processes", 1985)

"A process is defined by describing the whole range of its potential behaviour. Frequently, there will be a choice between several different actions [...]. On each such occasion, the choice of which event will actually occur can be controlled by the environment within which the process evolves. [...] . Fortunately, the environment of a process itself may be described as a process, with its behaviour defined by familiar notations. This permits investigation of the behaviour of a complete system composed from the process together with its environment, acting and interacting with each other as they evolve concurrently. The complete system should also be regarded as a process, whose range of behaviour is definable in terms of the behaviour of its component processes; and the system may in turn be placed within a yet wider environment. In fact, it is best to forget the distinction between processes, environments, and systems; they are all of them just processes whose behaviour may be prescribed, described, recorded and analysed in a simple and homogeneous fashion." (C Anthony R Hoare, "Communicating Sequential Processes", 1985)

"In constructing a mathematical model of a physical system, it is a good strategy to define the basic concepts in terms of attributes that can be directly or indirectly observed or measured." (C Anthony R Hoare, "Communicating Sequential Processes", 1985)

"In the design of a product, the designer has a responsibility to ensure that it will satisfy its specification; this responsibility may be discharged by the reasoning methods of the relevant branches of mathematics, for example, geometry or the differential and integral calculus." (C Anthony R Hoare, "Communicating Sequential Processes", 1985)

"Recognition of the idea that a programming language should have a precise mathematical meaning or semantics dates from the early 1960s. The mathematics provides a secure, unambiguous, precise and stable specification of the language to serve as an agreed interface between its users and its implementors. Furthermore, it gives the only reliable grounds for a claim that different implementations are implementations of the same language. So mathematical semantics are as essential to the objective of language standardisation as measurement and counting are to the standardisation of nuts and bolts." (C Anthony R Hoare, "Communicating Sequential Processes", 1985)

"Recursion permits the definition of a single process as the solution of a single equation. The technique is easily generalised to the solution of sets of simultaneous equations in more than one unknown. For this to work properly, all the right-hand sides must be guarded, and each unknown process must appear exactly once on the left-hand side of one of the equations." (C Anthony R Hoare, "Communicating Sequential Processes", 1985)

"There are two ways of constructing a software design. One way is to make it so simple that there are obviously no deficiencies. And the other way is to make it so complicated that there are no obvious deficiencies. It demands the same skill, devotion, insight, and even inspiration as the discovery of the simple physical laws which underlie the complex phenomena of nature." (C Anthony R Hoare, [lecture] 1987)

"The real value of tests is not that they detect bugs in the code, but that they detect inadequacies in the methods, concentration, and skills of those who design and produce the code." (C Anthony R Hoare, "How Did Software Get So Reliable Without Proof?", Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 1051, 1996)

"Professional practice in a mature engineering discipline is based on relevant scientific theories, usually expressed in the language of mathematics. A mathematical theory of programming aims to provide a similar basis for specification, design and implementation of computer programs."  (C Anthony R Hoare, "Unified Theories of Programming", 1998)

"Programming languages on the whole are very much more complicated than they used to be: object orientation, inheritance, and other features are still not really being thought through from the point of view of a coherent and scientifically well-based discipline or a theory of correctness. My original postulate, which I have been pursuing as a scientist all my life, is that one uses the criteria of correctness as a means of converging on a decent programming language design - one which doesn’t set traps for its users, and ones in which the different components of the program correspond clearly to different components of its specification, so you can reason compositionally about it. [...] The tools, including the compiler, have to be based on some theory of what it means to write a correct program." (C Anthony R Hoare, [interview] 2002)

⛩️Joseph Weizenbaum - Collected Quotes

"A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine." (Joseph Weizenbaum, "Computer power and human reason: From judgment to calculation", 1976)

"A theory is, of course, not merely any grammatically correct text that uses a set of terms somehow symbolically related to reality. It is a systematic aggregate of statements of laws. Its content, its very value as theory, lies at least as much in the structure of the interconnections that relate its laws to one another, as in the laws themselves." (Joseph Weizenbaum, "Computer power and human reason: From judgment to calculation" , 1976)

"Computers make possible an entirely new relationship between theories and models. I have already said that theories are texts. Texts are written in a language. Computer languages are languages too, and theories may be written in them. Indeed, for the present purpose we need not restrict our attention to machine languages or even to the kinds of 'higher-level' languages we have discussed. We may include all languages, specifically also natural languages, that computers may be able to interpret. The point is precisely that computers do interpret texts given to them, in other words, that texts determine computers' behavior. Theories written in the form of computer programs are ordinary theories as seen from one point of view." (Joseph Weizenbaum, "Computer power and human reason: From judgment to calculation" , 1976)

"Machines, when they operate properly, are not merely law abiding; they are embodiments of law. To say that a specific machine is 'operating properly' is to assert that it is an embodiment of a law we know and wish to apply. We expect an ordinary desk calculator, for example, to be an embodiment of the laws of arithmetic we all know." (Joseph Weizenbaum, "Computer power and human reason: From judgment to calculation" , 1976)

"Man is not a machine, [...] although man most certainly processes information, he does not necessarily process it in the way computers do. Computers and men are not species of the same genus. [...] No other organism, and certainly no computer, can be made to confront genuine human problems in human terms. [...] However much intelligence computers may attain, now or in the future, theirs must always be an intelligence alien to genuine human problems and concerns." (Joesph Weizenbaum, Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation, 1976)

"Programming systems can, of course, be built without plan and without knowledge, let alone understanding, of the deep structural issues involved, just as houses, cities, systems of dams, and national economic policies can be similarly hacked together. As a system so constructed begins to get large, however, it also becomes increasingly unstable. When one of its subfunctions fails in an unanticipated way, it may be patched until the manifest trouble disappears. But since there is no general theory of the whole system, the system itself can be only a more or less chaotic aggregate of subsystems whose influence on one another's behavior is discoverable only piecemeal and by experiment. The hacker spends part of his time at the console piling new subsystems onto the structure he has already built - he calls them 'new features' - and the rest of his time in attempts to account for the way in which substructures already in place misbehave. That is what he and the computer converse about." (Joseph Weizenbaum, "Computer power and human reason: From judgment to calculation" , 1976)

"The aim of the model is of course not to reproduce reality in all its complexity. It is rather to capture in a vivid, often formal, way what is essential to understanding some aspect of its structure or behavior." (Joseph Weizenbaum, "Computer power and human reason: From judgment to calculation" , 1976)

"The computer programmer is a creator of universes for which he alone is the lawgiver. No playwright, no stage director, no emperor, however powerful, has ever exercised such absolute authority to arrange a stage or field of battle and to command such unswervingly dutiful actors or troops." (Joseph Weizenbaum, "Computer power and human reason: From judgment to calculation" , 1976)

"The connection between a model and a theory is that a model satisfies a theory; that is, a model obeys those laws of behavior that a corresponding theory explicitly states or which may be derived from it. [...] Computers make possible an entirely new relationship between theories and models. [...] A theory written in the form of a computer program is [...] both a theory and, when placed on a computer and run, a model to which the theory applies." (Joseph Weizenbaum, "Computer power and human reason: From judgment to calculation" , 1976)

"There is a distinction between physically embodied machines, whose ultimate function is to transduce energy or deliver power, and abstract machines. i.e., machines that exist only as ideas. The laws which the former embody must be a subset of the laws that govern the real world. The laws that govern the behavior of abstract machines are not necessarily so constrained. One may, for example, design an abstract machine whose internal signals are propagated among its components at speeds greater than the speed of light, in clear violation of physical law. The fact that such a machine cannot actually be built does not prohibit the exploration of its behavior." (Joseph Weizenbaum, "Computer power and human reason: From judgment to calculation" , 1976)

⛩️Ian Sommerville - Collected Quotes

"A feasibility study is a short, focused study that should take place early in the RE process. It should answer three key questions: a) does the system contribute to the overall objectives of the organization? b) can the system be implemented within schedule and budget using current technology? and c) can the system be integrated with other systems that are used? If the answer to any of these questions is no, you should probably not go ahead with the project." (Ian Sommerville, "Software Engineering" 9th Ed., 2011)

"A model is an abstraction of the system being studied rather than an alternative representation of that system. Ideally, a representation of a system should maintain all the information about the entity being represented. An abstraction deliberately simplifies and picks out the most salient characteristics." (Ian Sommerville, "Software Engineering" 9th Ed., 2011)

"Agile approaches to software development consider design and implementation to be the central activities in the software process. They incorporate other activities, such as requirements elicitation and testing, into design and implementation. By contrast, a plan-driven approach to software engineering identifies separate stages in the software process with outputs associated with each stage." (Ian Sommerville, "Software Engineering" 9th Ed., 2011)

"Agile methods universally rely on an incremental approach to software specification, development, and delivery. They are best suited to application development where the system requirements usually change rapidly during the development process. They are intended to deliver working software quickly to customers, who can then propose new and changed requirements to be included in later iterations of the system. They aim to cut down on process bureaucracy by avoiding work that has dubious long-term value and eliminating documentation that will probably never be used." (Ian Sommerville, "Software Engineering" 9th Ed., 2011)

"Computer science is concerned with the theories and methods that underlie computers and software systems, whereas software engineering is concerned with the practical problems of producing software. Some knowledge of computer science is essential for software engineers in the same way that some knowledge of physics is essential for electrical engineers. Computer science theory, however, is often most applicable to relatively small programs. Elegant theories of computer science cannot always be applied to large, complex problems that require a software solution." (Ian Sommerville, "Software Engineering" 9th Ed., 2011)

"Design patterns are high-level abstractions that document successful design solutions. They are fundamental to design reuse in object-oriented development." (Ian Sommerville, "Software Engineering" 9th Ed., 2011)

"In general, software engineers adopt a systematic and organized approach to their work, as this is often the most effective way to produce high-quality software. However, engineering is all about selecting the most appropriate method for a set of circumstances so a more creative, less formal approach to development may be effective in some circumstances. Less formal development is particularly appropriate for the development of web-based systems, which requires a blend of software and graphical design skills." (Ian Sommerville, "Software Engineering" 9th Ed., 2011)

"Models are used during the requirements engineering process to help derive the requirements for a system, during the design process to describe the system to engineers implementing the system and after implementation to document the system’s structure and operation." (Ian Sommerville, "Software Engineering" 9th Ed., 2011)

"Most designers think of design patterns as a way of supporting object-oriented design. Patterns often rely on object characteristics such as inheritance and polymorphism to provide generality. However, the general principle of encapsulating experience in a pattern is one that is equally applicable to all software design approaches." (Ian Sommerville, "Software Engineering" 9th Ed., 2011)

"Programming is a personal activity and there is no general process that is usually followed. Some programmers start with components that they understand, develop these, and then move on to less-understood components. Others take the opposite approach, leaving familiar components till last because they know how to develop them. Some developers like to define data early in the process then use this to drive the program development; others leave data unspecified for as long as possible." (Ian Sommerville, "Software Engineering" 9th Ed., 2011)

"Software systems do not exist in isolation. They are used in a social and organizational context and software system requirements may be derived or constrained by that context. Satisfying these social and organizational requirements is often critical for the success of the system. One reason why many software systems are delivered but never used is that their requirements do not take proper account of how the social and organizational context affects the practical operation of the system."(Ian Sommerville, "Software Engineering" 9th Ed., 2011)

"System engineering is concerned with all aspects of the development and evolution of complex systems where software plays a major role. System engineering is therefore concerned with hardware development, policy and process design and system deployment, as well as software engineering. System engineers are involved in specifying the system, defining its overall architecture, and then integrating the different parts to create the finished system. They are less concerned with the engineering of the system components (hardware, software, etc.)." (Ian Sommerville, "Software Engineering" 9th Ed., 2011)

⛩️Stephen J Mellor - Collected Quotes

"When partitioning a domain, we divide the information model so that the clusters remain intact. [...] Each section of the information model then becomes a separate subsystem. Note that when the information model is partitioned into subsystems, each object is assigned to exactly one subsystem." (Stephen J Mellor, "Object-Oriented Systems Analysis: Modeling the World In Data", 1988) 

"While a small domain (consisting of fifty or fewer objects) can generally be analyzed as a unit, large domains must be partitioned to make the analysis a manageable task. To make such a partitioning, we take advantage of the fact that objects on an information model tend to fall into clusters: groups of objects that are interconnected with one another by many relationships. By contrast, relatively few relationships connect objects in different clusters." (Stephen J Mellor, "Object-Oriented Systems Analysis: Modeling the World In Data", 1988)

"Executable UML is at the next higher layer of abstraction, abstracting away both specific programming languages and decisions about the organization of the software so that a specification built in Executable UML can be deployed in various software environments without change." (Stephen J Mellor, "Executable UML: A Foundation for Model-Driven Architecture", 2002)

"Executable UML is designed to produce a comprehensive and comprehensible model of a solution without making decisions about the organization of the software implementation. It is a highly abstract thinking tool to aid in the formalization of knowledge, a way of thinking about and describing the concepts that make up an abstract solution to a client problem." (Stephen J Mellor, "Executable UML: A Foundation for Model-Driven Architecture", 2002)

"In the bad old days before MDA, (conceptual) models served only to facilitate communication between customers and developers and act as blueprints for construction. Nowadays, MDA establishes the infrastructure for defining and executing transformations between models of various kinds." (Stephen J Mellor, "Executable UML: A Foundation for Model-Driven Architecture", 2002)

"We build models to increase productivity, under the justified assumption that it's cheaper to manipulate the model than the real thing. Models then enable cheaper exploration and reasoning about some universe of discourse. One important application of models is to understand a real, abstract, or hypothetical problem domain that a computer system will reflect. This is done by abstraction, classification, and generalization of subject-matter entities into an appropriate set of classes and their behavior." (Stephen J Mellor, "Executable UML: A Foundation for Model-Driven Architecture", 2002)

"What's the point of having metamodels, and why should you care? Because models must be stated in a way that yields a common understanding among all involved parties, we need a way to specify exactly what a model means. Metamodels allow you to do just that: They specify the concepts of the language you're using to specify a model." (Stephen J Mellor, "MDA Distilled. Principles of Model-Driven Architecture", 2003)

⛩️John Zachman - Collected Quotes

"[Enterprise Architecture is] the set of descriptive representations (i. e., models) that are relevant for describing an Enterprise such that it can be produced to management's requirements (quality) and maintained over the period of its useful life." (John Zachman, 1987)

"The increased scope of design and levels of complexity of information systems implementations are forcing the use of some logical construct (or architecture) for defining and controlling the interfaces and the integration of all of the components of the system." (John Zachman, "A Framework for Information Systems Architecture", IBM Systems Journal 26, 1987) 

"[...] to keep the business from disintegrating, the concept of information systems architecture is becoming less of an option and more of a necessity." (John Zachman, "A Framework for Information Systems Architecture", IBM Systems Journal 26, 1987) 

"We are having difficulties communicating with one another about information systems architecture, because a set of architectural representations exists, instead of a single architecture. One is not right and another wrong. The architectures are different. They are additive and complementary. There are reasons for electing to expend the resources for developing each architectural representation. And there are risks associated with not developing any one of the architectural representations." (John Zachman, "A Framework for Information Systems Architecture", IBM Systems Journal 26, 1987) 

"With increasing size and complexity of the implementations of information systems, it is necessary to use some logical construct (or architecture) for defining and controlling the interfaces and the integration of all of the components of the system." (John Zachman, "A Framework for Information Systems Architecture", IBM Systems Journal 26, 1987) 

"Most programming tools and techniques focus on one aspect or a few related aspects of a system. The details of the aspect they select are shown in utmost clarity, but other details may be obscured or forgotten." (John Zachman, "Extending and Formalizing the Framework for Information Systems Architecture", 1992)

"When the rate of change increases to the point that real time required to assimilate change exceeds the time in with change must be manifest, the enterprise is going to find itself in deep yogurt." (John Zachman, 1994)

"Issues of quality, timeliness and change are the conditions that are forcing us to face up to the issues of enterprise architecture. The precedent of all the older disciplines known today establishes the concept of architecture as central to the ability to produce quality and timely results and to manage change in complex products. Architecture is the cornerstone for containing enterprise frustration and leveraging technology innovations to fulfill the expectations of a viable and dynamic Information Age enterprise." (John Zachman, "Enterprise Architecture: The Issue of The Century", 1997)

"Architecture is the set of descriptive representations that are required in order to create an object. If you can’t describe it, you can’t create it. Also, if you ever want to change the object you created, Architecture constitutes the baseline for changing the object once it is created; that is, it is the baseline for changing the object IF you retain the descriptive representations used in its creation and IF you ensure that the descriptive representations are always maintained consistent with the instantiation." (John Zachman, "Architecture Is Architecture Is Architecture", [Ed. Leon A Kappelman, "The Sim Guide To Enterprise Architecture"] 2009)

"What Architecture is, is not arbitrary and it is not negotiable. Architecture is the total set of intersections between the Abstractions and the Perspectives that constitute the set of relevant descriptive representations for any object to be created." (John Zachman, "Architecture Is Architecture Is Architecture", [Ed. Leon A Kappelman, "The Sim Guide To Enterprise Architecture"] 2009)

"It is not adequate merely to produce running code. In the long term, enterprise value lies in the models themselves. They have intrinsic value in their own right, as they constitute the baseline for managing change." (John Zachman)

⛩️Barry W Boehm - Collected Quotes

"Economic principles underlie the overall structure of the software lifecycle, and its primary refinements of prototyping, incremental development, and advancemanship. The primary economic driver of the life-cycle structure is the significantly increasing cost of making a software change or fixing a software problem, as a function of the phase in which the change or fix is made." (Barry Boehm, "Software Engineering Economics", 1981)

"If we look at the discipline of software engineering, we see that the microeconomics branch of economics deals more with the types of decisions we need to make as software engineers or managers." (Barry Boehm, "Software Engineering Economics", 1981)

"Poor management can increase software costs more rapidly than any other factor. Particularly on large projects, each of the following mismanagement actions has often been responsible for doubling software development costs." (Barry Boehm, "Software Engineering Economics", 1981)

"Software Engineering Economics is an invaluable guide to determining software costs, applying the fundamental concepts of microeconomics to software engineering, and utilizing economic analysis in software engineering decision making." Barry Boehm, "Software Engineering Economics", 1981)

"Throughout the software life cycle, there are many decision situations involving limited resources in which software engineering economics techniques provide useful assistance." (Barry Boehm, "Software Engineering Economics", 1984)

"An important feature of the spiral model, as with most other models, is that each cycle is completed by a review involving the primary people or organizations concerned with the product. This review covers all products developed during the previous cycle, including the plans for the next cycle and the resources required to carry them out. The review's major objective is to ensure that all concerned parties are mutually committed to the approach for the next phase." (Barry Boehm, "A spiral model of software development and enhancement", IEEE, 1988)

"The major distinguishing feature of the spiral model is that it creates a risk-driven approach to the software process rather than a primarily document-driven or code-driven process. It incorporates many of the strengths of other models and resolves many of their difficulties." (Barry Boehm, "A spiral model of software development and enhancement", IEEE, 1988)

"The primary functions of a software process model are to determine the order of the stages involved in software development and evolution and to establish the transition criteria for progressing from one Stage to the next. These include completion criteria for the current stage plus choice criteria and entrance criteria for the next stage. Thus, a process model addresses the following software project questions: (1) What shall we do next? (2) How long shall we continue to do it?" (Barry Boehm, "A spiral model of software development and enhancement", IEEE, 1988)

"If a project has not achieved a system architecture, including its rationale, the project should not proceed to full-scale system development. Specifying the architecture as a deliverable enables its use throughout the development and maintenance process." (Barry Boehm, 1995)

"Success in all types of organization depends increasingly on the development of customized software solutions, yet more than half of software projects now in the works will exceed both their schedules and their budgets by more than 50%." (Barry Boehm, "Software Cost Estimation with Cocomo II", 2000)

"Agile development methodologies promise higher customer satisfaction, lower defect rates, faster development times and a solution to rapidly changing requirements. Plan-driven approaches promise predictability, stability, and high assurance. However, both approaches have shortcomings that, if left unaddressed, can lead to project failure. The challenge is to balance the two approaches to take advantage of their strengths and compensate for their weaknesses." (Barry Boehm & Richard Turner, "Observations on balancing discipline and agility", Agile Development Conference, 2003)

⛩️Erich Gamma - Collected Quotes

"Design patterns are not about designs such as linked lists and hash tables that can be encoded in classes and reused as is. Nor are they complex, domain-specific designs for an entire application or subsystem. The design patterns [...] are descriptions of communicating objects and classes that are customized to solve a general design problem in a particular context." (Erich Gamma et al, "Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software", 1994)

"Design patterns help you define interfaces by identifying their key elements and the kinds of data that get sent across an interface. A design pattern might also tell you what not to put in the interface. [...] Design patterns also specify relationships between interfaces. In particular, they often require some classes to have similar interfaces, or they place constraints on the interfaces of some classes." (Erich Gamma et al, "Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software", 1994)

"Design patterns make it easier to reuse successful designs and architectures. Expressing proven techniques as design patterns makes them more accessible to developers of new systems. Design patterns help you choose design alternatives that make a system reusable and avoid alternatives that compromise reusability. Design patterns can even improve the documentation and maintenance of existing systems by furnishing an explicit specification of class and object interactions and their underlying intent. Put simply, design patterns help a designer get a design 'right' faster." (Erich Gamma et al, "Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software", 1994)

"Design patterns should not be applied indiscriminately. Often they achieve flexibility and variability by introducing additional levels of indirection, and that can complicate a design and/or cost you some performance. A design pattern should only be applied when the flexibility it affords is actually needed." (Erich Gamma et al, "Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software", 1994)

"The choice of programming language is important because it influences one's point of view." (Erich Gamma et al, "Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software", 1994)

⛩️Alistair Cockburn - Collected Quotes

"A methodology is the conventions that your group agrees to. 'The conventions your group agrees to' is a social construction." (Alistair Cockburn, "Agile Software Development", 2001)

"A well-functioning team of adequate people will complete a project almost regardless of the process or technology they are asked to use (although the process and technology may help or hinder them along the way)." (Alistair Cockburn, "Agile Software Development", 2001)

"The thing that makes software design difficult is that we must express thoughts about a problem and a solution we typically do not understand fully, using a language that does not contain many of our accustomed features of expression, to a system that is unforgiving of mistakes." (Alistair Cockburn)

"Software development is a (resource-limited) cooperative game of invention and communication. The primary goal of the game is to deliver useful, working software. The secondary goal, the residue of the game, is to set up for the next game. The next game may be to alter or replace the system or to create a neighboring system." (Alistair Cockburn, "Agile Software Development: The Cooperative Game" 2nd Ed., 2006)

"[…] Software development is a cooperative game, in which the participants help each other in reaching the end of the game - the delivery of software […]" (Alistair Cockburn, "Agile Software Development: The Cooperative Game" 2nd Ed., 2006)

"Heart of Agile is a meme. Heart of Agile is four words stripped down to nothing. It contains only four words – collaborate, deliver, reflect, improve." (Alistair Cockburn, [interview] 2017)

⛩️Bill Gates - Collected Quotes

"The finest pieces of software are those where one individual has a complete sense of exactly how the program works. To have that, you have to really love the program and concentrate on keeping it simple, to an incredible degree." (Bill Gates , [interview], 1986)

"Developments on the Internet over the next several years will set the course of our industry for a long time to come." (Bill Gates, "Internet Tidal Wave", [Microsoft internal memo], 1995)

"Software is a great combination between artistry and engineering." (Bill Gates, "Bill Gates Speaks: Insight from the World's Greatest Entrepreneur", 1998)

"A bad strategy will fail no matter how good your information is and lame execution will stymie a good strategy. If you do enough things poorly, you will go out of business." (Bill Gates, "Business @ the Speed of Thought: Succeeding in the Digital Economy", 2009)

"Bringing together the right information with the right people will dramatically improve a company's ability to develop and act on strategic business opportunities." (Bill Gates,  "Business @ the Speed of Thought: Succeeding in the Digital Economy", 2009) 

"Teams should be able to act with the same unity of purpose and focus as a well-motivated individual." (Bill Gates, "Business @ the Speed of Thought: Succeeding in the Digital Economy", 2009)

"The most meaningful way to differentiate your company from your competitors, the best way to put distance between you and the crowd is to do an outstanding job with information. How you gather, manage and use information will determine whether you win or lose." (Bill Gates, "Business @ the Speed of Thought: Succeeding in the Digital Economy", 2009)

"[...] the rules for running a strong business and creating value haven’t changed. For one thing, there’s an essential human factor in every business endeavor. It doesn’t matter if you have a perfect product, production plan and marketing pitch; you’ll still need the right people to lead and implement those plans. That is a lesson you learn quickly in business [...]" (Bill Gates, "Bill Gates’ Favorite Business Book", Wall Street Journal Online, 2014)

"The first rule of any technology used in a business is that automation applied to an efficient operation will magnify the efficiency. The second is that automation applied to an inefficient operation will magnify the inefficiency." (Bill Gates)

⛩️Morgan Evans - Collected Quotes

"A heuristic is a mental shortcut for easing the cognitive load of making decisions. Heuristics help us to make decisions in our day-to-day lives, but they can also lead us to wrong decisions or illogical conclusions. As engineering managers, an understanding of the most common heuristics can help us to avoid unconscious biases in our decision processes and recognize them in the behaviors and actions of others." (Morgan Evans, "Engineering Manager's Handbook", 2023)

"An effort estimate is not complete without including its assumptions. Estimate assumptions include any and all underlying factors the estimate relies upon. Assumptions are especially important in more rigid estimation environments, but they are a good practice even where expectations are more flexible. Explicitly listing all assumptions helps to remove ambiguity and avoid misunderstandings during project delivery." (Morgan Evans, "Engineering Manager's Handbook", 2023)

"Beliefs must be reflected in actions to become a part of your leadership style. Your actions develop and strengthen the abilities that support your leadership style. Practicing your beliefs cements them into skills and resources." (Morgan Evans, "Engineering Manager's Handbook", 2023)

"Engineering managers have a responsibility to optimize their teams. They improve engineering workflows and reduce dependencies and repetitive tasks. Self-sustaining teams minimize dependencies that hinder them in their efforts to achieve their objectives. Scalable teams minimize software delivery steps and eliminate bottlenecks. The mechanisms to achieve this may include the use of tools, conventions, documentation, processes, or abstract things such as values and principles. Any action that produces a tangible improvement in the speed, reliability, or robustness of your team’s work is worth your consideration." (Morgan Evans, "Engineering Manager's Handbook", 2023)

"Engineers love to solve problems and build systems. Most engineers would gladly build a system to solve just about any problem. It is the engineering manager’s job to make sure that the team is using its time wisely and building the right system." (Morgan Evans, "Engineering Manager's Handbook", 2023)

"Great engineering managers find ways to give work meaning and make that meaning broadly understood. They align the realities of the engineering work they are tasked with to the aspirations and beliefs of their team members. [...] For your engineers, translating the why in a way they can understand and accept is a powerful tool for alignment and guiding decisions in the direction you want. [...] Translating outside of your team and upward to leadership (managing up) is oftentimes the most impactful translation of all." (Morgan Evans, "Engineering Manager's Handbook", 2023)

"[...] high-accountability teams are characterized by having members that are willing and able to resolve issues within the team. They take responsibility for their own actions and hold each other accountable. They take ownership of resolving disputes and feel empowered to do so without intervention from others. They learn quickly by identifying issues and solutions together, adopting better patterns over time. They are able to work without delay because they don’t need anyone else to resolve problems. Their managers are able to work more strategically without being bogged down by day-to-day conflict resolution." (Morgan Evans, "Engineering Manager's Handbook", 2023)

"In a workplace setting, accountability is the willingness to take responsibility for one’s actions and their outcomes. Accountable team members take ownership of their work, admit their mistakes, and are willing to hold each other accountable as peers." (Morgan Evans, "Engineering Manager's Handbook", 2023)

"In addition to knowing what to do, good engineering management entails knowing what not to do. The wrong actions on our part as managers can damage the trust placed in us by our teams. We might learn the hard way through painful failures, but occasionally, we are lucky enough to learn these lessons from the experiences of others. " (Morgan Evans, "Engineering Manager's Handbook", 2023)

"Low-accountability teams can be recognized based on their tendency to shift blame, avoid addressing issues within the team, and escalate most problems to their manager. In low-accountability teams, it is difficult to determine the root of problems, failures are met with apathy, and managers have to spend much of their time settling disputes and addressing performance. Members of low-accountability teams believe it is not their role to resolve disputes and instead shift that responsibility up to the manager, waiting for further direction. These teams fall into conflict and avoidance deadlocks, unable to move quickly because they cannot resolve issues within the team."

"Software architecture is the process and product of creating technical systems designs. Architecture may include a specification of resources, patterns, conventions, and communication protocols, among other details." (Morgan Evans, "Engineering Manager's Handbook", 2023)

"Systems architecture is the portion of any project over which the engineering team has the most control. This design is usually less of a collaboration between different functions and more clearly in the domain of engineers. As such, engineering managers have a high responsibility to own this process and its decisions. To produce the best decisions possible, you must have the right decision-building blocks: complete information to work from and a structured methodology to guide you." (Morgan Evans, "Engineering Manager's Handbook", 2023)

"Plans allow us to think through objectives beforehand in the hope of being prepared for delivery. Plans are useful when they preempt conflict, direct efforts in harmony, and align expectations. Plans are not useful when they waste valuable build time or provide a false sense of security, for example, by missing unknown unknowns." (Morgan Evans, "Engineering Manager's Handbook", 2023)

⛩️Boris Beizer - Collected Quotes

"A design remedy that prevents bugs is always preferable to a test method that discovers them." (Boris Beizer, "Software Testing Techniques", 1990)

"A test that reveals a bug has succeeded, not failed." (Boris Beizer, "Software Testing Techniques", 1990)

"Extra features were once considered desirable. We now recognize that 'free' features are rarely free. Any increase in generality that does not contribute to reliability, modularity, maintainability, and robustness should be suspected." (Boris Beizer, "Software Testing Techniques", 1990)

"More than the act of testing, the act of designing tests is one of the best bug preventers known. The thinking that must be done to create a useful test can discover and eliminate bugs before they are coded - indeed, test-design thinking can discover and eliminate bugs at every stage in the creation of software, from conception to specification, to design, coding and the rest."  (Boris Beizer, "Software Testing Techniques", 1990)

"Programmers are responsible for software quality - quality in their own work, quality in the products that incorporate their work, and quality at the interfaces between components. Quality has never been and will never be tested in. The responsibility is both moral and professional." (Boris Beizer, "Software Testing Techniques", 1990)

"Testing proves a programmer’s failure. Debugging is the programmer’s vindication." (Boris Beizer, "Software Testing Techniques", 1990)

"First law: The pesticide paradox. Every method you use to prevent or find bugs leaves a residue of subtler bugs against which those methods are ineffective."  (Boris Beizer, "Software Testing Techniques", 1990)

"Second law: The complexity barrier. Software complexity (and therefore that of bugs) grows to the limits of our ability to manage that complexity." (Boris Beizer, "Software Testing Techniques", 1990)

"Software never was perfect and won't get perfect. But is that a license to create garbage? The missing ingredient is our reluctance to quantify quality." (Boris Beizer, "Software Testing Techniques", 1990)

"Third law: Code migrates to data. Because of this law there is increasing awareness that bugs in code are only half the battle and that data problems should be given equal attention."  (Boris Beizer, "Software Testing Techniques", 1990)

"The most common kind of coding bug, and often considered the least harmful, are documentation bugs (i.e., erroneous comments). Although many documentation bugs are simple spelling errors or the result of poor writing, many are actual errors - that is, misleading or erroneous comments. We can no longer afford to discount such bugs, because their consequences are as great as 'true' coding errors. Today programming labor is dominated by maintenance. This will increase as software becomes even longer-lived. Documentation bugs lead to incorrect maintenance actions and therefore cause the insertion of other bugs." (Boris Beizer, "Software Testing Techniques", 1990)