🛢DBMS: Entities (Definitions)

"A database or a database object that can be identified by a unique ID and that is backed by database pages." (Karen Paulsell et al, "Sybase SQL Server: Performance and Tuning Guide", 1996)

"An entity is a real-world object, referred to by a noun (person, place, thing, or idea), such as people, products, shipments, cities, and so on. Entities are semantic objects used in English Query." (Anthony Sequeira & Brian Alderman, "The SQL Server 2000 Book", 2003)

"The main object in an entity-relationship model, which can be deduced by case study examination. Entities represent the things, places, people, concepts, and things involved in a real-world situation, and contain within them properties or attributes that relate to them." (Thomas Moore, "EXAM CRAM™ 2: Designing and Implementing Databases with SQL Server 2000 Enterprise Edition", 2005)

"An object in our logical model that is used to store information about a 'thing of interest'." (Marilyn Miller-White et al, "MCITP Administrator: Microsoft® SQL Server™ 2005 Optimization and Maintenance 70-444", 2007)

"An encapsulation of data that is recognized by a business domain expert as a thing. Logical data entities can be tied to applications, repositories, and services and may be structured according to implementation considerations." (David Lyle & John G Schmidt, "Lean Integration", 2010)

 "(1) An element or set of elements that has a distinct, separate existence, although it need not  be a material existence. (2) An abstraction from the complexities of some domain." (International Qualifications Board for Business Analysis, 2011)

"Something that exists and is capable of being described. It is a person, place, thing, concept, or event about which your organization maintains facts." (Craig S Mullins, "Database Administration: The Complete Guide to DBA Practices and Procedures" 2nd Ed., 2012)

"An information structure that represents the data characteristic of an entity." (Microsoft) 

"An encapsulation of data that is recognized by a business domain expert as a thing. Logical data entities can be tied to applications, repositories, and services and may be structured according to implementation considerations." (TOGAF)

🛢DBMS: Fill Factor (Definitions)

"An option that specifies how full SQL Server should make each index page. The amount of empty space on an index page is important because when an index page fills up, the system must take time to split it to make room for new rows." (Patrick Dalton, "Microsoft SQL Server Black Book", 1997)

"Specifies to SQL server how full an index page should be." (Owen Williams, "MCSE TestPrep: SQL Server 6.5 Design and Implementation", 1998)

"An option used when creating an index to reserve free space on each page of the index. This option accommodates future expansion of table data and reduces the potential for page splits. It is a percentage from 0 through 100 that specifies how much of the data pages should be filled after the index is created." (Microsoft Corporation, "SQL Server 7.0 System Administration Training Kit", 1999)

"The fill factor value is a percentage from 0 to 100 that specifies how much to fill the data pages after the index is created. A fill factor value of 0 does not mean that index pages are left empty but rather that only the leaf pages are filled." (Microsoft Corporation, "Microsoft SQL Server 7.0 Data Warehouse Training Kit", 2000)

"Fill factor defines the amount of free space on each page of the index. You use fill factor when creating indexes. It accommodates future expansion of table data and reduces the potential for page splits." (Anthony Sequeira & Brian Alderman, "The SQL Server 2000 Book", 2003)

"An attribute of an index that defines the amount of free space allotted to each page of the index. FILLFACTOR can be used to allocate space for future expansion. FILLFACTOR is a value from 1 through 100 that specifies the percentage of the index page to be left empty." (Thomas Moore, "EXAM CRAM™ 2: Designing and Implementing Databases with SQL Server 2000 Enterprise Edition", 2005)

"The fill factor of an index indicates how much space to leave open for new data when the index is reorganized during maintenance." (Joseph L Jorden & Dandy Weyn, "MCTS Microsoft SQL Server 2005: Implementation and Maintenance Study Guide - Exam 70-431", 2006)

"An index option that identifies how full an index will be when it is created. For tables that have a lot of INSERTS, setting an indexes fill factor to something other than 0 (indicating 100 percent full) will prevent excessive page splits and the resulting fragmentation of indexes." (Darril Gibson, "MCITP SQL Server 2005 Database Developer All-in-One Exam Guide", 2008)

"An attribute of an index that defines how full the SQL Server Database Engine should make each page of the index." (Microsoft, "SQL Server 2012 Glossary", 2012)

🛢DBMS: Simple Protocol and RDF Query Language (Definitions)

"A simple query language for accessing RDF structures. As the majority of the query languages developed within a Web context, SPARQL is based on a strict ‘pattern-matching’ approach, which means that no inference facilities are directly associated with SPARQL. As the majority of the Web query languages, SPARQL makes use of a SQL-like format, employing then operators in the style of SELECT and WHERE." (Gian P Zarri, "RDF and OWL for Knowledge Management", 2011)

"An RDF query language standardized by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)." (DAMA International, "The DAMA Dictionary of Data Management", 2011)

"SPARQL is an RDF query language standardized by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The acronym stands for SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language." (Michael Fellmann et al, "Supporting Semantic Verification of Process Models", 2012)

"An RDF query language; its name is a recursive acronym that stands for SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language." (Mahdi Gueffaz, "ScaleSem Approach to Check and to Query Semantic Graphs", 2015)

"An SQL-like, RDF query language and a recommendation by W3C, developed to manipulate and query the data stored in RDF format." (T R Gopalakrishnan Nair, "Intelligent Knowledge Systems", 2015)

"Is an RDF query language, that is, a semantic query language for databases, able to retrieve and manipulate data stored in Resource Description Framework format." (Fu Zhang et al, "A Review of Answering Queries over Ontologies Based on Databases", 2016)

"Is an RDF query language, that is, a semantic query language for databases, able to retrieve and manipulate data stored in Resource Description Framework format." (Fu Zhang & Haitao Cheng, "A Review of Answering Queries over Ontologies Based on Databases", 2016)

"SPARQL (Simple Protocol and RDF Query Language) is an RDF query language which is a W3C recommendation. SPARQL contains capabilities for querying required and optional graph patterns along with their conjunctions and disjunctions." (Hairong Wang et al, "Fuzzy Querying of RDF with Bipolar Preference Conditions", 2016)

"SPARQL can be used to express queries across diverse data sources, whether the data is stored natively as RDF or viewed as RDF via middleware. SPARQL contains capabilities for querying required and optional graph patterns along with their conjunctions and disjunctions." (Jingwei Cheng et al, "RDF Storage and Querying: A Literature Review", 2016)

"SPARQL (pronounced 'sparkle', a recursive acronym for SPARQL protocol and RDF query language) is an RDF query language, that is, a semantic query language for databases, able to retrieve and manipulate data stored in resource description framework (RDF) format." (Senthil K Narayanasamy & Dinakaran Muruganantham, "Effective Entity Linking and Disambiguation Algorithms for User-Generated Content (UGC)", 2018)

"SPARQL (Simple Protocol and RDF Query Language) is an RDF query language which is a W3C recommendation. SPARQL contains capabilities for querying required and optional graph patterns along with their conjunctions and disjunctions." (Zongmin Ma & Li Yan, "Towards Massive RDF Storage in NoSQL Databases: A Survey", 2019)

"It is a query language on documents described in RDF." (Antonio Sarasa-Cabezuelo & José Luis Fernández-Vindel, "A Model for the Creation of Academic Activities Based on Visits", 2020)

"The SPARQL query language is a structured language for querying RDF data in a declarative fashion. Its core function is subgraph pattern matching, which corresponds to finding all graph homomorphism in the data graph for a query graph." (Kamalendu Pal, "Ontology-Assisted Enterprise Information Systems Integration in Manufacturing Supply Chain", 2020)

"Query language used to access and retrieve RDF data distributed in different geographical locations." (Janneth Chicaiza, "Leveraging Linked Data in Open Education", 2021)

"It is used for querying data in RDF format, in a similar way that SQL is used to query relational databases. SPARQL is a standard created and maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium. SPARQL is useful for getting data out of linked databases as an alternative to a more specific API." (Data.Gov.UK)

"A query language similar to SQL, used for queries to a linked-data triple store." ("Open Data Handbook")

🛢DBMS: JavaScript Object Notation [JSON] (Definitions)

"A lightweight data-interchange format that is based on the object-literal notation of JavaScript. JSON is programming-language neutral but uses conventions from various languages." (IBM, "Informix Servers 12.1", 2014)

"Although originated from Javascript, the Javascript Object Notation is a language-independent and open data format that can be used to transmit human-readable text-based object information, across domains, using an attribute-value pair’s notation." (José Moura & Carlos Serrão, "Security and Privacy Issues of Big Data", 2015)

"JavaScript Object Notation, is an open standard format that uses human-readable text to transmit data objects consisting of attribute–value pairs. It is used primarily to transmit data between a server and web application, as an alternative to XML." (D P Misra & Alka Mishra, "Societal and Economical Impact on Citizens through Innovations Using Open Government Data: Indian Initiative on Open Government Data", 2015)

"The Javascript Object Notation (JSON) is a language-independent and open data format that can be used to transmit human-readable text-based object information, across domains, using an attribute-value pair’s notation and easy-to-access manner." (José Moura et al, "Intelligent Management and Efficient Operation of Big Data", 2015)

"JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a textual format for exchanging data that borrows its metamodel from the JavaScript programming language. Specifically, the JSON metamodel consists of two kinds of structures found in JavaScript: lists (called 'arrays' in JavaScript) and dictionaries (called 'objects' in JavaScript)." (Robert J Glushko, "The Discipline of Organizing: Professional Edition" 4th Ed., 2016)

"The JavaScript Object Notation is the binary format to represent data like list, map, date, Boolean and different precision numbers." (Maristela Holanda & Jane A Souza, "Query Languages in NoSQL Databases", Handbook of Research on Innovative Database Query Processing Techniques, 2016)

"Is a lightweight, text-based, open standard format for exchanging data between applications. Though it is originally derived from the JavaScript language, it is a language-neutral data format." (Venkat Gudivada & Dhana L Rao, "Database Systems for Big Data Storage and Retrieval", 2018)

"JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a binary and typed data model which is applied to represent data like list, map, date, Boolean as well as different precision numbers." (Zongmin Ma & Li Yan, "Towards Massive RDF Storage in NoSQL Databases: A Survey", 2019)

"JavaScript object notation is a lightweight data-interchange format which is easy for humans to read and write and for machines to parse and generate. It is based on a subset of the JavaScript programming language." (Amany Sarhan, "Cloud-Based IoT Platform: Challenges and Applied Solutions", 2019)

"A text-based open standard format for exchanging data between applications." (Gülay Ekren, "The Potential and Capabilities of NoSQL Databases for ERP Systems", 2020)

"A human-readable, plain text format for expressing structured data with support in many programming languages." (MongoDb)

"JavaScript Object Notation, a simple but powerful format for data. It can describe complex data structures, is highly machine-readable as well as reasonably human-readable, and is independent of platform and programming language, and is therefore a popular format for data interchange between programs and systems." (Open Data Handbook)

🛢DBMS: Concatenation (Definitions)

"Combine expressions to form longer expressions. The expressions can include any combination of binary or character strings, or column names." (Karen Paulsell et al, "Sybase SQL Server: Performance and Tuning Guide", 1996)

"Combining two or more character strings or expressions into a single character string or expression, or combining two or more binary strings or expressions into a single binary string or expression." (Microsoft Corporation, "SQL Server 7.0 System Administration Training Kit", 1999)

"A string operation consisting of assembling a string from two shorter strings." (Bill Pribyl & Steven Feuerstein, "Learning Oracle PL/SQL", 2001)

"The process of combining two or more character strings or expressions into a single character string or expression. Concatenation also refers to combining two or more binary strings or expressions into a single binary string or expression." (Anthony Sequeira & Brian Alderman, "The SQL Server 2000 Book", 2003)

"The process of combining two or more data elements into a single element. In Oracle SQL, concatenation can be accomplished by using the concatenation operator (a pair of vertical bars, ||) or the CONCAT function." (Bob Bryla, "Oracle Database Foundations", 2004)

"Combining two strings by placing one at the end of the other." (Jan L Harrington, "SQL Clearly Explained 3rd Ed. ", 2010)

"The process of combining two or more character strings or expressions into a single character string or expression, or combining two or more binary strings or expressions into a single binary string or expression." (Microsoft, "SQL Server 2012 Glossary", 2012)

🛢DBMS: Object Permissions (Definitions)

"These are permissions that enable a user to work with data in an object. For example, SELECT is the object permission that enables a user to read data from a table object." (Owen Williams, "MCSE TestPrep: SQL Server 6.5 Design and Implementation", 1998)

"Permission based on a table or view; controls the ability to execute the SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements against the table or view." (Microsoft Corporation, "SQL Server 7.0 System Administration Training Kit", 1999)

"An attribute that controls the ability to perform operations on an object. For example, table or view permissions control which users can execute SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements against the table or view." (Anthony Sequeira & Brian Alderman, "The SQL Server 2000 Book", 2003)

"A permission on a database object that controls how the object can be accessed." (Marilyn Miller-White et al, "MCITP Administrator: Microsoft® SQL Server™ 2005 Optimization and Maintenance 70-444", 2007)

"Permissions that regulate the use of certain commands (data modification commands, plus select, truncate table and execute) to specific tables, views or columns." (Karen Paulsell et al, "Sybase SQL Server: Performance and Tuning Guide", 1996)

"Object permissions regulate a user’s ability to work with the data contained in the database." (Joseph L Jorden & Dandy Weyn, "MCTS Microsoft SQL Server 2005: Implementation and Maintenance Study Guide - Exam 70-431", 2006)

🛢DBMS: Permissions (Definitions)

"A permission is a right to do something in a database. Examples include performing a database function (such as creating table) or working with an object (INSERT)." (Owen Williams, "MCSE TestPrep: SQL Server 6.5 Design and Implementation", 1998)

[statement permissions:] "These are database permissions and enable users to create objects, drop objects, or modify objects in a database. Statement permissions do not work with data, but rather work with the containers that hold the data." (Owen Williams, "MCSE TestPrep: SQL Server 6.5 Design and Implementation", 1998)

"Authorization that enforces database security. SQL Server permissions specify the Transact-SQL statements, views, and stored procedures each user is authorized to use. The ability to assign permissions is determined by each user's status. There are two types of permissions: object permissions and statement permissions." (Microsoft Corporation, "SQL Server 7.0 System Administration Training Kit", 1999)

[statement permission:] "Permission that controls the execution of Transact-SQL statements that create database objects or perform certain administrative tasks. Can be granted, revoked, or denied." (Microsoft Corporation, "SQL Server 7.0 System Administration Training Kit", 1999)

"These are permissions that regulate a user’s ability to create structures that hold data, such as tables and views." (Joseph L Jorden & Dandy Weyn, "MCTS Microsoft SQL Server 2005: Implementation and Maintenance Study Guide - Exam 70-431", 2006)

"A privilege that you grant to a principle. When authorized, the principle may then interact with one or more securables." (Robert D. Schneider and Darril Gibson, "Microsoft SQL Server 2008 All-In-One Desk Reference For Dummies", 2008)

"Operations that can be applied to or done with an object. Example file permissions are read, write, and delete." (Mark Rhodes-Ousley, "Information Security: The Complete Reference", 2nd Ed., 2013)

"Permissions placed on objects within a database. Database permissions specify which actions a database user can perform on tables, views, stored procedures, and other objects." (Mark Rhodes-Ousley, "Information Security: The Complete Reference" 2nd Ed., 2013)

"The definitions of what object access actions are permitted for a specific user or group." (Weiss, "Auditing IT Infrastructures for Compliance" 2nd Ed, 2015)

"The type of authorized interactions that a subject can have with an object. Examples include read, write, execute, add, modify, and delete." (Shon Harris & Fernando Maymi, "CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide" 8th Ed, 2018)

🛢DBMS: Atomicity (Definitions)

"One of the ACID properties; all or none of the transaction must occur. If all parts of the transaction cannot occur successfully, all effects of the transaction must be undone or 'rolled back'." (Atul Apte, "Java Connector Architecture: Building Custom Connectors and Adapters", 2002)

"Atomicity is a feature provided by transactions. It is a principle that states either all of the transactions’ data modifications are performed or none of them are performed." (Anthony Sequeira & Brian Alderman, "The SQL Server 2000 Book", 2003)

[atomic transaction:] "A possibly complex series of actions that is considered as a single operation by those not involved directly in performing the transaction." (Rod Stephens, "Beginning Database Design Solutions", 2008)

"The requirement that tasks within a transaction occur as a group as if they were a single complex task. The tasks are either all performed or none of them are performed. It's all or nothing." (Rod Stephens, "Beginning Database Design Solutions", 2008)

[atomic unit of work:] "A general category of work that an activity might perform. This kind of activity encapsulates the logic to perform a unit of work synchronously on the workflow thread. The unit of work that is performed is atomic in the sense that it is completed entirely during a single execution of the activity. It doesn’t need to suspend execution and wait for external input. It is short-lived and doesn’t perform time-consuming operations. It executes synchronously on the workflow thread and doesn’t create or use other threads." (Bruce Bukovics, "Pro WF: Windows Workflow in .NET 4", 2010)

"Atomicity is the state or fact of being composed of individual units (NOAD). With regard to data, atomicity refers to what constitutes a unit. In modeling, as data is normalized, each attribute is expected to represent one thing, not a set of things. One system may define a name as one thing. Another may define it as three things (first name, middle initial, last name). Atomicity results from decisions about how to structure data." (Laura Sebastian-Coleman, "Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement", 2012)

"The characteristic of a transaction whereby database modifications must adhere to an 'all or nothing' rule. If any single part of a transaction fails, the entire transaction fails. A database management system (DBMS) must maintain atomicity despite software and hardware failures (the A in ACID)." (Craig S Mullins, "Database Administration", 2012)

"An attribute or property of a transaction whereby a group of statements are run as if a single operation or none of the statements are run." (Sybase, "Open Server Server-Library/C Reference Manual", 2019)

🛢DBMS: Privilege (Definitions)

 "A security attribute that does not have the property of uniqueness and that may be shared by many principals." (Kim Haase et al, "The J2EE™ Tutorial", 2002)

"The right to perform a specific action in the database, granted by the DBA or other database users." (Bob Bryla, "Oracle Database Foundations", 2004)

"A combination of specified resource and actions permitted on the resource." (MongoDb, "Glossary", 2008)

"An action or capability, such as table access, that can be granted to users of the DBMS." (Craig S Mullins, "Database Administration", 2012

"A process that can be performed on a system, such as shut it down, or log in to it remotely." (Mark Rhodes-Ousley, "Information Security: The Complete Reference, Second Edition, 2nd Ed.", 2013)

"The capability of performing a specific function, sometimes on a specific object. See also authority level, authorization." (Sybase, "Open Server Server-Library/C Reference Manual", 2019)

🛢DBMS: Redundancy (Definitions)

"A general term that refers to the capability of an organization to recover from critical database. Redundancy generally involves having more than one source for data, which could be as simple as a backup." (Owen Williams, "MCSE TestPrep: SQL Server 6.5 Design and Implementation", 1998)

"A system that has been set up so that failure at one point does not cause failure of the entire system." (Owen Williams, "MCSE TestPrep: SQL Server 6.5 Design and Implementation", 1998)

"Storing more than one occurrence of the data." (Ralph Kimball & Margy Ross, "The Data Warehouse Toolkit" 2nd Ed., 2002)

"the practice of storing more than one occurrence of data. In the case where data can be updated, redundancy poses serious problems. In the case where data is not updated, redundancy is often a valuable and necessary design technique." (William H Inmon, "Building the Data Warehouse", 2005)

"The storage of multiple copies of identical instances of a thing (database, table, record, or value)." (Sharon Allen & Evan Terry, "Beginning Relational Data Modeling" 2nd Ed., 2005)

"Here, the provision of information beyond necessity." (Martin J Eppler, "Managing Information Quality" 2nd Ed., 2006)

"The storage of multiple copies of logically identical data. Physically, the data may or may not be identical across systems, and it is not known which is most current or accurate." (DAMA International, "The DAMA Dictionary of Data Management", 2011)

"The assurance of availability by providing duplicate systems or alternative processes." (Mark Rhodes-Ousley, "Information Security: The Complete Reference" 2nd Ed., 2013)

"Surplus capability, which is maintained to improve the reliability of a system." (Manish Agrawal, "Information Security and IT Risk Management", 2014)

"Process of providing alternative resources in order to continue the execution despite any component failures." (Hamid R Arabnia et al, "Application of Big Data for National Security", 2015)

"Multiple occurrence of the same information in different places." (IQBBA, "Standard glossary of terms used in Software Engineering", 2011)

🛢DBMS: Federated Database (Definitions)

"A database that is spread across multiple servers, often in multiple geographical locations, is called a federated database. The servers that hold the different parts of a federated database are referred to as a federation, or federated database servers. A federation of database servers is used to spread the processing load across a group of servers. The data is horizontally partitioned allowing each of the servers to be independently managed, but distributed queries can be used to process requests on the entire database." (Darril Gibson, "MCITP SQL Server 2005 Database Developer All-in-One Exam Guide", 2008)

"A database system wherein constituent databases, that are geographically decentralized and using various computer systems, are interconnected via a computer network or software that allows metasearching via a single platform. Since the constituent database systems remain autonomous, a federated database system is a contrastable alternative to the task of merging together several disparate databases." (Mila M. Ramos et al, "The CGIAR Virtual Library Bridging the Gap Between Agricultural Research and Worldwide Users", 2009)

"A set of databases that are documented and then interconnected to operate as one database, even when those databases are on different platforms." (DAMA International, "The DAMA Dictionary of Data Management", 2011)

[federated data warehouse:] "1.A conceptual Data Warehouse made up of multiple decision support databases, potentially on multiple servers, but presented transparently to Business Intelligence users as a unified schema for query, analysis, and reporting. 2.An Enterprise Data Warehouse fed by extracts from departmental Data Warehouses and/or legacy Data Warehouses prior to their incorporation and/or retirement." (DAMA International, "The DAMA Dictionary of Data Management", 2011)

"A distributed database management system (DBMS) that consists of a DB2 instance that operates as a server, a database that serves as the federated database, one or more data sources, and clients (users and applications) who access the database and data sources. A federated system can be used to query and manipulate data that is located on other data servers." (Sybase, "Open Server Server-Library/C Reference Manual", 2019)

"In a federated system, the database that is within the federated server. Users and applications interface with the federated database. To these clients, the data sources and the federated database seem to be a single database." (Sybase, "Open Server Server-Library/C Reference Manual", 2019)

"A set of linked servers that shares the processing load of data by hosting partitions of a distributed partitioned view." (Microsoft Technet)

"A system in which multiple databases appear to function as a single entity. However, the databases typically involved in this kind of system exists independently of the others. Once the different databases are 'combined', one federated database is formed." (Solutions Review)

🛢DBMS: XQuery (Definitions)

"This is a standard method of querying XML data using XML query expressions." (Joseph L Jorden & Dandy Weyn, "MCTS Microsoft SQL Server 2005: Implementation and Maintenance Study Guide - Exam 70-431", 2006)

"Designed to interrogate XML-based data, this standards-based query language also has some programming capabilities." (Robert D. Schneider and Darril Gibson, "Microsoft SQL Server 2008 All-In-One Desk Reference For Dummies", 2008)

"XQuery, or XML Query Language, is an XML query language designed to retrieve and interpret data from diverse XML sources." (Michael Coles, "Pro T-SQL 2008 Programmer's Guide", 2008)

"Designed to interrogate XML-based data, this standards-based query language also has some programming capabilities. See also XML." (Robert D Schneider & Darril Gibson, "Microsoft SQL Server 2008 All-in-One Desk Reference For Dummies", 2008)

"A query language for XML. XQuery allows you to query data from XML documents or any data source that can be viewed as XML, such as relational databases. With XQuery, you can query almost any data source as though it were XML, regardless of how the data is physically stored." (John Goodson & Robert A Steward, "The Data Access Handbook", 2009)

"A query language for retrieving data from an XML document or XML database." (Craig S Mullins, "Database Administration", 2012)

"Functional query language that is broadly applicable to a variety of XML data types derived from Quilt, XPath, and XQL." (SQL Server 2012 Glossary, "Microsoft", 2012)

"XML Query Language, an XML query language designed to retrieve and interpret data from diverse XML sources." (Miguel Cebollero et al, "Pro T-SQL Programmer’s Guide 4th Ed", 2015)

🛢DBMS: Authentication (Definitions)

"In computer security, the process of determining who the user claims to be and whether that claim is correct." (Bill Pribyl & Steven Feuerstein, "Learning Oracle PL/SQL", 2001)

"The step of determining the identity of the requesting client. Single-factor authentication usually is based on a simple password and is the least secure authentication scheme. Two-factor authentication may involve What-You-Know (a password) with What-You-Possess (a plastic card) and is secure enough for banks’ automated teller machines." (Ralph Kimball & Margy Ross, "The Data Warehouse Toolkit" 2nd Ed., 2002)

"A process that occurs as users attempt to log on to SQL Server 2000. This process verifies that the users are permitted to log on by checking their identity against a database of security accounts. There are two methods of authentication in SQL Server 2000 - Mixed Mode authentication and Windows Authentication. Windows Authentication is recommended for all cases where all SQL Server 2000 users have the ability to log on initially in a Windows environment." (Anthony Sequeira & Brian Alderman, "The SQL Server 2000 Book", 2003)

"A challenge/response mechanism that ensures that a user connecting to SQL Server is authorized to do so." (Marilyn Miller-White et al, "MCITP Administrator: Microsoft® SQL Server™ 2005 Optimization and Maintenance 70-444", 2007)

"Verification of the user identity." (MongoDb, "Glossary", 2008)

"The process of validating that the user attempting to connect to Reporting Server is authorized to do so." (Jim Joseph et al, "Microsoft® SQL Server™ 2008 Reporting Services Unleashed", 2009)

"The process through which a DBMS verifies that only registered users are able to access the database." (Carlos Coronel et al, "Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management" 9th Ed., 2011)

"The process of confirming a user’s or computer’s identity." (Craig S Mullins, "Database Administration", 2012)

"The process of verifying the identity of a user, computer, process, or other entity by validating the credentials provided by the entity. Common forms of credentials are digital signatures, smart cards, biometric data, and a combination of user names and passwords." (Microsoft, "SQL Server 2012 Glossary", 2012)

"The process by which a system verifies a user's identity. User authentication is completed by a security facility outside the DB2 database system, often part of the operating system or a separate product." (Sybase, "Open Server Server-Library/C Reference Manual", 2019)

"The process by which a user presents credentials to the database, which verifies the credentials and allows access to the database." (Oracle)

🛢DBMS: Data Control Language [DCL] (Definitions)

"The subset of SQL statements used to control permissions on database objects. Permissions are controlled using the GRANT and REVOKE statements." (Microsoft Corporation, "SQL Server 7.0 System Administration Training Kit", 1999)

"The subset of SQL statements used to control permissions on database objects. Permissions are controlled using the GRANT and REVOKE statements. See data definition language (DDL) and data manipulation language (DML)." (Microsoft Corporation, "Microsoft SQL Server 7.0 Data Warehouse Training Kit", 2000)

"A subset of Transact-SQL statements. DCL is used to control permissions on database objects." (Anthony Sequeira & Brian Alderman, "The SQL Server 2000 Book", 2003)

"A subset of Structured Query Language used to define data security, user function permissions, and data access to data in relational tables." (DAMA International, "The DAMA Dictionary of Data Management", 2011)

"SQL statements used for controlling access to data and data structures, e.g., GRANT and REVOKE." (Craig S Mullins, "Database Administration: The Complete Guide to DBA Practices and Procedures" 2nd Ed, 2012)

"The subset of SQL statements used to control permissions on database objects." (Microsoft, "SQL Server 2012 Glossary", 2012)

🛢DBMS: Data Definition Language [DDL] (Definitions)

"The subset of SQL statements used for modeling the structure (rather than the contents) of a database or a cube. The DDL gives you the ability to create, modify, and remove databases and database objects." (Microsoft Corporation, "SQL Server 7.0 System Administration Training Kit", 1999)

"Includes statements such as CREATE, ALTER, and DROP to work with objects such as tables. DDL modifies the structure of the objects in a database instead of the contents of the objects." (Bob Bryla, "Oracle Database Foundations", 2004)

"A language, usually part of a database management system, that is used to define all attributes and properties of a database, especially row layouts, column definitions, key columns (and sometimes keying methodology), file locations, and storage strategy." (Thomas Moore, "MCTS 70-431: Implementing and Maintaining Microsoft SQL Server 2005", 2006)

"Commands supported by a database that enable the creation, removal, or modification of structures (such as relational tables or classes) within it." (Pramod J Sadalage & Scott W Ambler, "Refactoring Databases: Evolutionary Database Design", 2006)

"Commands used to change metadata. In some databases, these commands require a COMMIT command; in other database engines, this is not the case. When a COMMIT command is not required, these commands automatically commit any pending changes to the database, and cannot be rolled back." (Gavin Powell, "Beginning Database Design", 2006)

"A component of structured query language (SQL) used to create and delete databases and database objects such as tables and indexes." (Sara Morganand & Tobias Thernstrom , "MCITP Self-Paced Training Kit : Designing and Optimizing Data Access by Using Microsoft SQL Server 2005 - Exam 70-442", 2007)

"The language component of a DBMS that is used to describe the logical structure of a database." (S. Sumathi & S. Esakkirajan, "Fundamentals of Relational Database Management Systems", 2007)

"The SQL commands that deal with creating the database's structure such as CREATE TABLE, CREATE INDEX, and DROP TABLE." (Rod Stephens, "Beginning Database Design Solutions", 2008)

"A special-purpose computer language used to define the schema of a navigational database." (Jan L Harrington, "Relational Database Design and Implementation, 3rd Ed.", 2009)

"1.Generally, the subset of Structured Query Language commands used to define and implement structured database objects. 2.In Database Management Systems, the specific definitions to formally define and implement a database." (DAMA International, "The DAMA Dictionary of Data Management", 2011)

"The language that allows a database administrator to define the database structure, schema, and subschema." (Carlos Coronel et al, "Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management" 9th Ed., 2011)

"A language that defines all attributes and properties of a database, especially record layouts, field definitions, key fields, file locations, and storage strategy." Microsoft, "SQL Server 2012 Glossary", 2012)

"SQL statements used for creating and modifying data structures, e.g., CREATE, ALTER, and DROP." (Craig S Mullins, "Database Administration: The Complete Guide to DBA Practices and Procedures" 2nd Ed. , 2012)

"SQL statements used for creating and modifying data structures, e.g., CREATE, ALTER, and DROP." (Craig S Mullins, "Database Administration", 2012)

"A language for describing data and its relationships in a database. See also Data Manipulation Language, relational database management system." (Sybase, "Open Server Server-Library/C Reference Manual", 2019)