🧭Business Intelligence: Enterprise Reporting (Part X: Between Potential, Reality, Quality and Stories)

Business Intelligence Series

Have you ever felt that you are investing quite a lot of time, effort, money and other resources into your BI infrastructure, and in the end you don’t meet your expectations? As it seems you’re not the only one. The “Does your business intelligence tell you the whole story” paper released in 2009 by KPMG provides some interesting numbers to support that:

1. “More than 50% of business intelligence projects fail to deliver the expected benefit” (BI projects failure)
2. “Two thirds of executives feel that the quality of and timely access to data is poor and inconsistent” (reports and data quality)
3. “Seven out of ten executives do not get the right information to make business decisions.” (BI value)
4. “Fewer than 10% of organizations have successfully used business intelligence to enhance their organizational and technological infrastructures”  (BI alignment)
5. “those with effective business intelligence outperform the market by more than 5% in terms of return on equity” (competitive advantage)

The numbers reflect to some degree also my expectations, though they seem more pessimistic than I expected. That’s not a surprise, considering that such studies can be strongly biased, especially because in them are reflected expectations, presumptions and personal views over the state of art within an organization.

KPMG builds on the above numbers and several other aspects that revolve around the use of governance and alignment in order to increase the value provided by BI to the business, though I feel that they are hardly scratching the surface. Governance and alignment look great into studies and academic work, though they alone can’t bring success, no matter how much their importance and usage is accentuated. Sometimes I feel that people hide behind big words without even grasping the facts. The importance of governance and alignment can’t be neglected, though the argumentation provided by KPMG isn’t flawless. There are statements I can agree with, and many which are circumstantial. Anyway, let’s look a little deeper at the above numbers.

I suppose there is no surprise concerning the huge rate of BI projects’ failure. The value is somewhat close to the rate of software projects’ failure. Why would make a BI project an exception from a typical software project, considering that they are facing almost the same environments and challenges?  In fact, given the role played by BI in decision making, I would say that BI projects are more sensitive to the various factors than a typical software project.  

It doesn’t make sense to retake the motives for which software projects fail, but some particular aspects need to be mentioned. KPMG insists on the poor quality of data, on the relevance and volume of reports and metrics used, the lack of reflecting organization’s objectives, the inflexibility of data models, lack of standardization, all of them reflecting in a degree or other on the success of a BI project. There is much more to it!

KPMG refers to a holistic approach concentrated on the change of focus from technology to the actual needs, a change of process and funding.  A reflection of the holistic approach is also the view of the BI infrastructure from the point of view of the entire IT infrastructure, of the organization, network of partners and of the end-products – mainly models and reports. Many of the problems BI initiatives are confronted with refer to the quality of data and its many dimensions (duplicates, conformity, consistency, integrity, accuracy, availability, timeliness, etc.) , problems which could be in theory solved in the source systems, mainly through design. Other problems, like dealing with complex infrastructures based on more or less compatible IS or BI tools, might involve virtualization, consolidation or harmonization of such solutions, plus the addition of other tools.

Looking at the whole organization, other problems appear: the use of reports and models without understanding the whole luggage of meaning hiding behind them, the different views within the same data and models, the difference of language, problems, requirements and objectives, the departmental and organizational politics, the lack of communication, the lack of trust in the existing models and reports, and so on. What all these points have in common are people! The people are the maybe the most important factor in the adoption and effective usage of BI solutions. It starts with them – identifying their needs, and it ends with them – as end users. Making them aware of all contextual requirements, actually making them knowledge workers and not considering them just simple machines could give a boost to your BI strategy.

Partners doesn’t encompass just software vendors, service providers or consultants, but also the internal organizational structures – teams, departments, sites or any other similar structure. Many problems in BI can be tracked down to partners and the ways a partnership is understood, on how resources are managed, how different goals and strategies are harmonized, on how people collaborate and coordinate. Maybe the most problematic is the partnership between IT and the other departments on one side, and between IT and external partners on the other side. As long IT is not seen as a partner, as long IT is skip from the important decisions or isn’t acting as a mediator between its internal and external partners, there are few chances of succeeding. There are so many aspects and lot of material written on this topic, there are models and methodologies supposed to make things work, but often between theory and practice there is a long distance.

How many of the people you met were blaming the poor quality of the data without actually doing something to improve anything? If the quality of your data in one of your major problems then why aren’t you doing something to improve that?  Taking the ownership over your data is a major step on the way to better data quality, though a data management strategy is needed. This involve the design of a framework that facilitates data quality and data consumption, the design and use of policies, practices and procedures to properly manage the full data lifecycle. Also this can be considered as part of your BI infrastructure, and given the huge volume, the complexity and diversity of data, is nowadays a must for an organization.

The “right information” is an evasive construct. In order to get the right information you must be capable to define what you want, to design your infrastructure with that in mind and to learn how to harness your data. You don’t have to look only at your data and information but also at the whole DIKW pyramid. The bottom line is that you don’t have to build only a BI infrastructure but a knowledge management infrastructure, and methodologies like ITIL can help you achieve that, though they are not sufficient. Sooner or later you’ll arrive to blame the whole DIKW pyramid - the difficulty of extracting information from data, knowledge from information, and the ultimate translation into wisdom. Actually that’s also what the third and fourth of the above statements are screaming out loud – it’s not so easy to get information from the silos of data, same as it’s not easy to align the transformation process with organizations’ strategy.

Also timeliness has a relative meaning. It’s true that nowadays’ business dynamics requires faster access to data, though it requires also to be proactive, many organizations lacking this level of maturity. In order to be proactive it’s necessary to understand your business’ dynamics thoroughly, that being routed primarily in your data, in the tools you are using and the skill set your employees acquired in order to move between the DIKW layers. I would say that the understanding of DIKW is essential in harnessing your BI infrastructure.

KPMG considers that the 5% increase in return on equity associated with the effective usage of BI is a positive sign, not necessarily. The increase can be associated with hazard or other factors as well, even if it’s unlikely probable to be so. The increase it’s quite small when considered with the huge amount of resources spent on BI infrastructure. I believe that BI can do much more for organizations when harnessed adequately. It’s just a belief that needs to be backed up by numbers, hopefully that will happen someday, soon.

Previous Post <<||>> Next Post

🚧Project Management: Cost Performance Index (Definitions)

"A measure of cost efficiency on a project. It is the ratio of earned value (EV) to actual costs (AC). CPI = EV divided by AC. " (Cynthia Stackpole, "PMP® Certification All-in-One For Dummies®", 2011)

"The ratio of budgeted costs to actual costs (BCWP/ACWP). To forecast the cost at completion, multiply the original cost baseline by CPI." (Bonnie Biafore, "Successful Project Management: Applying Best Practices and Real-World Techniques with Microsoft® Project", 2011)

"The ratio of earned value to actual cost, indicating how close the planned cost for completed work is to the actual cost. A CPI greater than 1 means the project is under budget. A CPI less than 1 means the project is over budget." (Bonnie Biafore & Teresa Stover, "Your Project Management Coach: Best Practices for Managing Projects in the Real World", 2012)

"A measure of the cost efficiency of budgeted resources expressed as the ratio of earned value to actual cost." (For Dummies, "PMP Certification All-in-One For Dummies" 2nd Ed., 2013)

"The ratio of Earned Value of an activity to its Actual Cost. CPI = BCWP/ACWP or CPI = EV/AC." (Christopher Carson et al, "CPM Scheduling for Construction: Best Practices and Guidelines", 2014)

"A measure of cost efficiency on a project. It is the ratio of earned value (EV) to actual costs (AC). CPI=EV divided by AC." (Jeffrey K Pinto, "Project Management: Achieving Competitive Advantage 5th Ed.", 2018)

"Ratio of earned value to actual cost to measure efficiency of budgeted resources." (Cate McCoy & James L Haner, "CAPM Certified Associate in Project Management Practice Exams", 2018)

"A measure of the cost efficiency of budgeted resources expressed as the ratio of earned value to actual cost. See also schedule performance index (SPI)." (Project Management Institute, "Practice Standard for Scheduling" 3rd Ed., 2019)

🚧Project Management: RACI Matrix

"A two-dimensional table that lists tasks or deliverables as the row headings, and roles (or people’s names) as the column headings. The cell data contains the responsibility by task and by role (or person): R = Responsible; A = Accountable; C = Consulted; I = Informed." (Clyde M Creveling, "Six Sigma for Technical Processes: An Overview for R Executives, Technical Leaders, and Engineering Managers", 2006)

"A matrix used to describe classes of involved parties and their impact on a situation by role." (DAMA International, "The DAMA Dictionary of Data Management", 2011)

"A table used to document tasks and the personnel responsible for the assignments. RACI stands for responsible, accountable, consulted, and informed." (Weiss, "Auditing IT Infrastructures for Compliance" 2nd Ed., 2015)

"A matrix describing the participation by various roles in completing tasks or deliverables for a project or process. It is especially useful in clarifying roles and responsibilities. RACI is an acronym derived from the four key responsibilities most typically used: Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, and Informed." (ISTQB)

🚧Project Management: Schedule (Definitions)

"The planned dates for performing activities and the planned dates for meeting milestones." (Timothy J  Kloppenborg et al, "Project Leadership", 2003)

"(1) A document showing the tasks for a project and specific calendar dates when each task will be started and completed. (2) The total time elapsed to build a product (calendar days)." (Richard D Stutzke, "Estimating Software-Intensive Systems: Projects, Products, and Processes", 2005)

"The set of project milestones and their planned dates of accomplishment. The actual dates of accomplishment are also usually recorded as the project proceeds." (Richard D Stutzke, "Estimating Software-Intensive Systems: Projects, Products, and Processes", 2005)

"The schedule contains all the activities that need to be performed, including their sequence and interdependencies, milestones, duration, estimated effort, start and end dates, as well as resource assignment. In addition, it should detail the critical path or paths." (Lars Dittmann et al, "Automotive SPICE in Practice", 2008)

"An ordered set of tasks characterized by duration and loading onto resources. For project management, this is the plan that specifies which people should perform what tasks when. For a concurrent system, this is a statement of what tasks should be executed by the scheduler and when." (Bruce P Douglass, "Real-Time Agility", 2009)

"The planned dates for performing schedule activities and the planned dates for meeting schedule milestones." (Project Management Institute, "Practice Standard for Project Estimating", 2010)

"The overall timeline for a project including task dates, durations, relationships, costs, and resource assignments." (Bonnie Biafore, "Successful Project Management: Applying Best Practices and Real-World Techniques with Microsoft Project", 2011)

"The planned dates for performing schedule activities and the planned dates for meeting schedule milestones." (Cynthia Stackpole, "PMP® Certification All-in-One For Dummies", 2011)

"An output of a schedule model that presents linked activities with planned dates, durations, milestones, and resources." (For Dummies, "PMP Certification All-in-One For Dummies" 2nd Ed., 2013)

"A listing of project tasks, subtasks, and estimated completion times." (Robert F Smallwood, "Information Governance: Concepts, Strategies, and Best Practices", 2014)

"Time plan for a project or process. Note: on a construction project this is usually referred to as a 'project programme'. The construction industry tends to refer to programmes rather than schedules. Indeed the term schedule tends to mean a schedule of items in tabular form, e.g. door schedule, ironmongery schedule, etc." (Chartered Institute of Building, "Code of Practice for Project Management for Construction and Development" 5th Ed., 2014)

🚧Project Management: Fast-Tracking (Definitions)

"A schedule compression technique in which activities or phases normally done in sequence are performed in parallel for at least a portion of their duration." (For Dummies, "PMP Certification All-in-One For Dummies" 2nd Ed., 2013)

"A specific project schedule compression technique that changes network logic to overlap phases that would normally be done in sequence, such as the design phase and construction phase, or to perform schedule activities in parallel." (Cynthia Stackpole, "PMP® Certification All-in-One For Dummies", 2011)

"Shortening the duration of a project by overlapping tasks that would normally be run sequentially, such as design and construction." (Bonnie Biafore, "Successful Project Management: Applying Best Practices and Real-World Techniques with Microsoft Project", 2011)

"The technique for shortening the schedule in which adjustments are made where possible to overlap tasks, execute tasks in parallel rather than in sequence, or shorten lag time." (Bonnie Biafore & Teresa Stover, "Your Project Management Coach: Best Practices for Managing Projects in the Real World", 2012)

"A specific project schedule compression technique that changes network logic to overlap phases that would normally be done in sequence, such as the design phase and construction phase, or to perform schedule activities in parallel. See also crashing and schedule compression." (Jeffrey K Pinto, "Project Management: Achieving Competitive Advantage" 5th Ed., 2018)

"Starting the construction process on a project while design is still underway (i.e., overlapping design and construction of a project)." (Peter Oakander et al, "CPM Scheduling for Construction: Best Practices and Guidelines", 2014)

🚧Project Management: Backlog (Definitions)

"A prioritized list of project requirements with estimated times to turn them into completed product functionality. Estimates are in days and are more precise the higher an item is in the Product Backlog priority. The list evolves, changing as business conditions or technology changes." (Ken Schwaber, "Agile Project Management with Scrum", 2004)

"A list of all to-do items for an application used in Scrum, corresponding to the OpenUP/Basic concept of a work item list." (Bruce MacIsaac & Per Kroll, "Agility and Discipline Made Easy: Practices from OpenUP and RUP", 2006)

"In Scrum, the list of features not yet implemented by the application." (Rod Stephens, "Beginning Software Engineering", 2015)

"An ordered list of user-centric requirements that a team maintains for a product." (Project Management Institute, "Practice Standard for Scheduling" 3rd Ed., 2019)

"A listing of product requirements and deliverables to be completed, written as stories, and prioritized by the business to manage and organize the project’s work." (For Dummies, "PMP Certification All-in-One For Dummies" 2nd Ed., 2013)

"A set of software features awaiting development in a subsequent iteration." (Project Management Institute, "Software Extension to the PMBOK Guide" 5th Ed., 2013)

"The number of open or unsolved incidents. It is a running count of the difference between new tickets and tickets resolved." (Darril Gibson, "Effective Help Desk Specialist Skills", 2014)

"In an agile approach, the backlog is the set of requirements to be implemented in the project." (Cate McCoy & James L Haner, "CAPM Certified Associate in Project Management Practice Exams", 2018)

🚧Project Management: Scrum (Definitions)

"An agile method whose focus is on project management and requirements management. Scrum is often combined with XP." (Pramod J Sadalage & Scott W Ambler, "Refactoring Databases: Evolutionary Database Design", 2006)

"An agile software project management process introduced by Ken Schwaber and Jeff Sutherland. Scrum is known for self-organized teams, thirty-day iterations called Sprints, daily team meetings called Scrum, and a to-do list called Product Backlog." (Bruce MacIsaac & Per Kroll, "Agility and Discipline Made Easy: Practices from OpenUP and RUP", 2006)

"An agile process based on a football analogy, using small teams working in an intensive, independent manner." (Bruce P Douglass, "Real-Time Agility", 2009)

"An iterative incremental framework for managing projects commonly used with agile software development." (IQBBA, "Standard glossary of terms used in Software Engineering", 2011)

"An iterative, incremental methodology for project management often seen in agile software development, a type of software engineering." (DAMA International, "The DAMA Dictionary of Data Management", 2011)

"A development methodology that uses frequent small increments to build an application iteratively and incrementally." (Rod Stephens, "Beginning Software Engineering", 2015)

"An iterative and incremental time-boxed method of developing software using small, self-directed teams. The goal of scrum is to flexibly develop what customers find valuable." (Pamela Schure & Brian Lawley, "Product Management For Dummies", 2017)

"An agile framework for developing and sustaining complex products with specific roles, events, and artifacts." (Project Management Institute, "Practice Standard for Scheduling" 3rd Ed., 2019)

"Iterative and incremental product development framework used in agile projects." (Jurgen Janssens, "Managing Customer Journeys in a Nimble Way for Industry 4.0", 2019)

"Scrum is a style of agile software development. It is built around the idea of iterative development and short daily meetings (called scrums) where progress or problems are shared." (Alex Thomas, "Natural Language Processing with Spark NLP", 2020)

"An agile process framework for managing knowledge work, with an emphasis on software development." (Kamalendu Pal & Bill Karakostas, "Software Testing Under Agile, Scrum, and DevOps", 2021)

"An iterative and incremental software development to handle drawbacks of traditional development methodologies. It produces many releases in short times based on customer requirements, time pressure, competition, product quality and available resources." (Fayez Salma & Jorge M Gómez, "Challenges and Trends of Agile", Balancing Agile and Disciplined Engineering and Management Approaches for IT Services and Software Products, 2021)

#️⃣Software Engineering: Programming (Part VI: What is Programming About?)

Software Engineering Series

According to Wikipedia, computer programming (shortly programming or coding) is “the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code of computer programs”. That’s an extensive definition, because typically programming refers mainly to the writing of a set of instructions understandable by a computer or any other electronic device. At least that’s what programming was at its beginnings. 

With time, giving the increasing complexity of software, programming included also activities like gathering requirements, architecting, designing, testing, debugging and troubleshooting, refactoring, documenting, configuring, deploying, performing maintenance, etc. Each of these activities comes with their own set of methods, procedures, processes, models, methodologies, best/good practices, standards and tools. In addition, when we look at the architecture of an application, we can delimit several layers: server vs. client, front-end (user interface), business layer, backend (database), transport (network), communication or hardware – they coming with their own set of technologies and knowledge luggage, and requiring some specialization too.

However, making abstraction of all these, programming implies the (partial) knowledge of a programming language, an artificial language used to communicate with machines, in terms of language syntax, semantics and built-in libraries, and of a IDE (Integrated Development Environment), an application in which the code is written, compiled/interpreted and debugged. As programming can be often a redundant task, being necessary to solve the same kind of problems or to write the same kind of instructions, in addition to the various structures and techniques made available in order to minimize redundancy, a programmer can take advantage of a huge collection of algorithms, abstracted step-by-step instructions, and afferent technical literature. The deeper needs to go their understanding, the broader the set of knowledge to be acquired for it.

And even if we consider all above, that’s not enough because programming is used in order to model and solve business-specific problems. So is required some minimal knowledge of the respective business domains, and that’s quite a lot if we consider that each project may address one or more business domains. Talking about projects, as most of the programming is performed within projects, a programmer needs to have some knowledge of the procedures, methods and methodologies for project management and team management. That’s not programming anymore, but it’s part of the landscape and nowadays is kind of a must because programming is performed within projects and teams. This means also that a programmer needs to cover several important interpersonal skills, to which add up customer oriented, social and thinking skills. They are important because they impact directly or indirectly the act of programming, and many ignore this.

It’s important to stress that programming is not only the knowledge of languages, algorithms, tools, methods, models, practices, methodologies, standards, but also their adequate use in order to make most of the programming experience. Or as a long time ago retrieved quotes puts it: “programming is 10% science, 20% ingenuity, and 70% getting the ingenuity to work with the science” (anonymous). We all (or almost all) master our native language to the degree of writing sentences or communicating, though it takes skills to communicate effectively and efficiently, or of making from language a tool of expression through poetry or other forms o literature. Fantasizing a little, programming is like writing poetry, is one thing to write chunks of words, and another thing to write something meaningful. And programming is a lot about interpretation and representation of meaning in order to solve problems, is about understanding and breaking down complexity to a level that can be translated in meaning to machines. 

Programming is an art, to the same degree each endeavor can be transformed in art. It requires skills, knowledge, dedication, creativity, and most of all the pleasure of programming. Programming is a state of spirit, is a way or model of thinking, of seeing the whole world in computable terms.

Previous Post <<||>>  Next Post

🚧Project Management: Acceptance Criteria (Definition)

"The criteria that a product or product component must satisfy to be accepted by a user, customer, or other authorized entity." (Sandy Shrum et al, "CMMI®: Guidelines for Process Integration and Product Improvement", 2003)

"Those criteria, including performance requirements and essential conditions, which must be met before project deliverables are accepted. " (Cynthia Stackpole, "PMP® Certification All-in-One For Dummies®", 2011)

"A set of conditions that is required to be met before deliverables are accepted." (For Dummies, "PMP Certification All-in-One For Dummies" 2nd Ed., 2013)

"Those criteria, including performance requirements and essential conditions, which must be met before project deliverables are accepted." (Jeffrey K Pinto, "Project Management: Achieving Competitive Advantage" 5th Ed., 2018)

"Formal agreement that a service, process, plan or any other deliverable is complete, accurate, reliable and it meets its specifications" (ITIL)

"The exit criteria that a component or system must satisfy in order to be accepted by a user, customer, or other authorized entity." [After IEEE 610] (Software Quality Assurance)

🚧Project Management: Corrective Action (Definitions)

"Acts or deeds used to remedy a situation, remove an error, or adjust a condition." (Sandy Shrum et al, "CMMI®: Guidelines for Process Integration and Product Improvement", 2003)

"The process of returning some aspect of project performance to a more desired state." (Timothy J  Kloppenborg et al, "Project Leadership", 2003)

[Corrective feedback:] "Instructional responses to learner answers to a practice exercise that tell the learners whether they answered correctly or incorrectly. Contrast with explanatory feedback." ( Ruth C Clark, "Building Expertise: Cognitive Methods for Training and Performance Improvement", 2008)

"Documented direction for executing the project work to bring expected future performance of the project work in line with the project management plan." (Cynthia Stackpole, "PMP® Certification All-in-One For Dummies®", 2011)

[Corrective Feedback:] "Instructional responses to answers to a practice exercise that tells the learner whether they answered corrected or incorrectly. Contrast with Explanatory Feedback." (Ruth C Clark & Richard E Mayer, "e-Learning and the Science of Instruction", 2011)

"The response, such as defect repair or preventive action, to any shortcoming found in a quality audit." (Bonnie Biafore & Teresa Stover, "Your Project Management Coach: Best Practices for Managing Projects in the Real World", 2012)

"An intentional activity that realigns the performance of the project work with the project management plan."" (For Dummies, "PMP Certification All-in-One For Dummies" 2nd Ed., 2013)

[Corrective controls:] "Mechanisms that repair damage caused by an undesired action and limit further damage, such as the procedure to remove detected viruses or the use of a firewall to block an attacking system." (Weiss, "Auditing IT Infrastructures for Compliance" 2nd Ed., 2015)

🚧Project Management: Scope Creep (Definitions)

"Adding features and functionality (project scope) without addressing the effects on time, costs, and resources, or without customer approval." (Cynthia Stackpole, "PMP® Certification All-in-One For Dummies®", 2011)

"The tendency for people to sneak extra work and outputs into the project’s list of responsibilities. Can cause a project to fail under the burden of additional work without the corresponding resources." (Mike Clayton, "Brilliant Project Leader", 2012)

"The uncontrolled expansion to product or project scope without adjustments to time, cost, and resources." (For Dummies, "PMP Certification All-in-One For Dummies, 2nd Ed.", 2013)

"Additional activities beyond the defined or expected scope of a project. Scope creep often results in missed deadlines and increased costs." (Darril Gibson, "Effective Help Desk Specialist Skills", 2014)

"When the original plans or goals of a project expand. Common with projects, particularly poorly planned projects." (Weiss, "Auditing IT Infrastructures for Compliance, 2nd Ed", 2015)

"When features, functions, or attributes are added to a product during development that goes beyond the agreed-upon product requirements. When this condition occurs, the product is said to be experiencing scope creep. Scope creep is generally considered to be the number one cause of cost and schedule overruns in development projects. (Alternatively, this is sometimes called feature creep.)" (Steven Haines, "The Product Manager's Desk Reference", 2008)

"Adding features and functionality (project scope) without addressing the effects on time, costs, and resources, or without customer approval." (Jeffrey K Pinto, "Project Management: Achieving Competitive Advantage 5th Ed.", 2018)

"The insidious expansion of the product scope (i.e., expected functionality of the product, service, system, or result) that also expands or increases the project scope (i.e., the amount of work required) without a commensurate adjustment to or trade-off in the schedule, budget, resources, and/or quality, resulting in increased risk for the Performing Organization." (H James Harrington & William S Ruggles, "Project Management for Performance Improvement Teams", 2018)

"Also called requirement creep, this refers to uncontrolled changes in a project’s scope. Scope creep can occur when the scope of a project is not properly defined, documented and controlled. Typically, the scope increase consists of either new products or new features of already approved products. Hence, the project team drifts away from its original purpose. Because of one’s tendency to focus on only one dimension of a project, scope creep can also result in a project team overrunning its original budget and schedule. For example, scope creep can be a result of poor change control, lack of proper identification of what products and features are required to bring about the achievement of project objectives in the first place, or a weak project manager or executive sponsor." (ISTQB) 

🚧Project Management: Project Charter (Definitions)

"A document issued by senior management that formally authorizes the existence of a project. Provides the project manager with the authority to apply organizational resources to project activities." (Timothy J  Kloppenborg et al, "Project Leadership", 2003)

"A document issued by an executive, project sponsor, or customer, announcing a project and delegating authority to the project manager." (Bonnie Biafore, "Successful Project Management: Applying Best Practices and Real-World Techniques with Microsoft® Project", 2011)

"A document issued by the project initiator or sponsor that formally authorizes the existence of c a project, and provides the project manager with the authority to apply organizational resources to project activities." (Cynthia Stackpole, "PMP® Certification All-in-One For Dummies®", 2011)

"A statement of objectives, scope, and stakeholders or participants in a project or program." (DAMA International, "The DAMA Dictionary of Data Management", 2011)

"A document officially announcing an approved project. Distributed by the project sponsor, the charter identifies the project manager and the extent of the project manager's authority." (Bonnie Biafore & Teresa Stover, "Your Project Management Coach: Best Practices for Managing Projects in the Real World", 2012)

"a project management document that defines a project scope, objectives, benefits, assumptions, etc. May also identify team assignments, project sponsor, time and cost estimates and constraints, and areas that are out of scope." (Bill Holtsnider & Brian D Jaffe, "IT Manager's Handbook" 3rd Ed., 2012)

"A document that formally authorizes a project to move forward. Having such a document reduces project cancellation risk due to lack of support or perceived value to the company. A charter documents the project's overall objectives and helps manage expectations of those involved." (Robert F Smallwood, "Information Governance: Concepts, Strategies, and Best Practices", 2014)

"The project charter is the document issued by the project initiator or sponsor that formally authorizes the existence of a project and provides the project manager with the authority to apply organizational resources to project activities. It documents the high-level information on the project and on the product, service, or result the project is intended to satisfy." (Cate McCoy & James L Haner, "CAPM Certified Associate in Project Management Practice Exams", 2018)

🚧Project Management: Work Breakdown Structure (Definitions)

"A deliverable-oriented grouping of project elements that organizes and defines the total work scope of the project. Each descending level represents an increasingly detailed definition of the project work." (Timothy J  Kloppenborg et al, "Project Leadership", 2003)

"A method for breaking your project into component tasks and organizing your management structure." (Michael S Dobson, "The Juggler's Guide to Managing Multiple Projects", 2003)

"An arrangement of work elements and their relationship to each other and to the end product." (Sandy Shrum et al, "CMMI®: Guidelines for Process Integration and Product Improvement", 2003)

"The process of dividing a project into manageable tasks and sequencing them to ensure a logical flow between tasks." (Lynne Hambleton, "Treasure Chest of Six Sigma Growth Methods, Tools, and Best Practices", 2007)

"A structured list of all activities and tasks required to complete a project." (Steven Haines, "The Product Manager's Desk Reference", 2008)

 "A work breakdown structure (WBS) is an arrangement of project elements consisting of deliverables or project phases. It structures and defines the overall project content and scope." (Lars Dittmann et al, "Automotive SPICE in Practice", 2008)

"A deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work to be executed by the project team to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables. It organizes and defines the total scope of the project." (Project Management Institute, "Practice Standard for Project Estimating", 2010)

"A hierarchical diagram showing work broken down into smaller packages to facilitate estimating work and costs, and tracking progress." (Bonnie Biafore, "Successful Project Management: Applying Best Practices and Real-World Techniques with Microsoft® Project", 2011)

"An arrangement of work elements and their relationship to each other and to the end product [CMMI]." (International Qualifications Board for Business Analysis, "Standard glossary of terms used in Software Engineering", 2011)

"Formal tool that breaks the project (the work) down into a structure – allowing a firm inventory of tasks, in a logical hierarchy." (Mike Clayton, "Brilliant Project Leader", 2012)

"The framework in which the project goal is deconstructed into manageable, task-sized details called work packages to identify all work to be done to complete the project." (Bonnie Biafore & Teresa Stover, "Your Project Management Coach: Best Practices for Managing Projects in the Real World", 2012)

"A hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of work to be carried out by the project team to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables." (For Dummies, "PMP Certification All-in-One For Dummies, 2nd Ed.", 2013)

"A task-oriented detailed breakdown of activities which organizes, defines, and graphically displays the total work to be accomplished in order to achieve the final objectives of a project. WBS breaks down the project into progressively detailed levels. Each descending level represents an increasingly detailed definition of a project component. In CPM scheduling, the components at the lowest WBS level are used as activities to build the project schedule." (Christopher Carson et al, "CPM Scheduling for Construction: Best Practices and Guidelines", 2014)

"The planned work to take place in a project hierarchically decomposed into work packages of 80 hours or less." (Cate McCoy & James L Haner, "CAPM Certified Associate in Project Management Practice Exams", 2018)

"A hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of work to be carried out by the project team to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables." (Project Management Institute, "Practice Standard for Scheduling  3rd Ed.", 2019)

"An arrangement of work elements and their relationship to each other and to the end product." (CMMI)

🚧Project Management: Assumptions (Definitions)

"When used in a Business Case, forecast, or other planning document, an assumption is a statement that relates to a potential future state or future situation." (Steven Haines, "The Product Manager's Desk Reference", 2008)

"Assumptions are factors that, for planning purposes, are considered to be true, real, or certain without proof or demonstration." (Cynthia Stackpole, "PMP® Certification All-in-One For Dummies®", 2011)

"Hypothesis, belief, or conjecture made when something is not known with certainty. In cost accounting, assumptions exist for the various quantitative analysis techniques (e.g., CVP or regression analysis) and general quantitative decision rules (e.g., for product emphasis decisions). People also make assumptions to create cost accounting information (e.g., linear cost function). Poor quality assumptions lead to poor quality information and decisions. Failure to objectively analyze assumptions can lead to biased decisions." (Leslie G Eldenburg & Susan K Wolcott, "Cost Management" 2nd Ed, 2011)

"A condition that will affect the project, although the specifics of the condition are not yet known. For the purposes of planning, the specifics are assumed and called out as an assumption." (Bonnie Biafore & Teresa Stover, "Your Project Management Coach: Best Practices for Managing Projects in the Real World", 2012)

"Hypotheses regarding the conditions necessary for the realization of strategies over which the organization has no control. Assumptions represent the risks that you may not achieve desired outcomes. Any change to an assumption during the execution cycle should force a revision." (Paul C Dinsmore et al, "Enterprise Project Governance", 2012)

"Something that is taken for granted to be true." (Joan C Dessinger, "Fundamentals of Performance Improvement" 3rd Ed, 2012)

"A factor in the planning process that is considered to be true, real, or certain, without proof or demonstration." (For Dummies, "PMP Certification All-in-One For Dummies" 2nd Ed., 2013)

"Something presumed to be true. Assumptions are the basis of all statistical analysis. (It is important that the analyst choose methods based only on assumptions that are reasonable for the application.)" (Meta S Brown, "Data Mining For Dummies", 2014)

"An assumption is something that is taken for granted or unquestionably accepted as true." (Ken Sylvester, "Negotiating in the Leadership Zone", 2015)

"A factor in the planning process that is considered to be true, real, or certain, without proof or demonstration." (Project Management Institute, "A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide)", 2017)

"Unproven business supposition used to make rapid progress toward a conclusion." (Pamela Schure & Brian Lawley, "Product Management For Dummies", 2017)

"An effort estimate is not complete without including its assumptions. Estimate assumptions include any and all underlying factors the estimate relies upon. Assumptions are especially important in more rigid estimation environments, but they are a good practice even where expectations are more flexible. Explicitly listing all assumptions helps to remove ambiguity and avoid misunderstandings during project delivery." (Morgan Evans, "Engineering Manager's Handbook", 2023)

🚧Project Management: Products (Definitions)

"An output of a process." (Requirements Engineering Qualifications Board, "Standard glossary of terms used in Requirements Engineering", 2011)

"A product is an output of a process." (IQBBA, "Standard glossary of terms used in Software Engineering", 2011)

"An artifact that is produced, is quantifiable, and can be either an end item in itself or a component item. Additional words for products are material and goods. Contrast with result." (Cynthia Stackpole, "PMP Certification All-in-One For Dummies", 2011)

"Also called deliverable or output, the thing that the project produces (physical thing or event)." (Mike Clayton, "Brilliant Project Leader", 2012)

"An input or output, whether tangible or intangible, that can be described in advance, created, and tested." (Paul C Dinsmore et al, "Enterprise Project Governance", 2012)

"An artifact that is produced, is quantifiable, and can be either an end item in itself or a component item. Additional words for products are material and goods. Contrast with result." (For Dummies, "PMP Certification All-in-One For Dummies" 2nd Ed., 2013)