"A variation of the radial tree, the hyperbolic tree is a more recent, computeraided visualization generated with advanced algorithms. While radial trees tend to graphically treat all nodes and their respective linkages in a similar way by using linear geometry, hyperbolic trees use a 'focus and context' technique that emphasizes a given set of nodes by centering and enlarging them while giving less prominence to other dependencies, making them progressively smaller and closer to the periphery." (Manuel Lima, "The Book of Trees: Visualizing Branches of Knowledge", 2014)
"Even though hyperbolic trees employ the same ranking principle as radial trees, based on a series of concentric circles, they do not operate in conventional Euclidean space, but instead within a spherical negative curvature based on hyperbolic geometry. Due to their magnifying feature, hyperbolic trees are useful for displaying and manipulating large hierarchies on a limited screen size. As visualizations ideally suited for direct manipulation, hyperbolic trees are rarely depicted in print and are found almost exclusively within the confines of their natural digital domain." (Manuel Lima, "The Book of Trees: Visualizing Branches of Knowledge", 2014)
"Circles are among the most ubiquitous symbols around the globe, used in countless variations since the birth of humankind. Associated with notions of unity, wholeness, and infinity, the circle has been an important visual metaphor in a wide array of systems of thought, from cartography and astronomy to physics and geometry. " (Manuel Lima, "The Book of Trees: Visualizing Branches of Knowledge", 2014)
"Even though its recursive composition is similar to rectangular treemaps, the Voronoi treemap allows an improved sub division of a given area that avoids similar shapes and aspect ratios, by making the location and contour of individual cells highly adaptive and configurable. Due to their flexible organizational principle, Voronoi treemaps are known for their organic layouts, featuring a rich, diverse assortment of shapes and con figurations that can resemble stained glass or enthralling natural patterns. The model has wide applicability and it has proved popular in the visualization of file systems and genome data." (Manuel Lima, "The Book of Trees: Visualizing Branches of Knowledge", 2014)
"Even though the circular treemap’s hierarchical structure is quite explicit and its patterns may be appealing, the wasted space between its cells make it a fairly ineffective visualization technique, particularly for incorporating a large number of levels or ranks. Because of this, the model has remained somewhat experimental and hasn’t quite gained the same traction as its other treemap counterparts." (Manuel Lima, "The Book of Trees: Visualizing Branches of Knowledge", 2014)
"Horizontal trees probably emerged as an alternative to vertical trees to address spatial constraints and layout requirements, but they also provide unique advantages. The nesting arrangement of horizontal trees resembles the grammatical construct of a sentence, echoing a natural reading pattern that any one can relate to. This alternative scheme was often deployed on facing pages of a manuscript, with the root of the tree at the very center, creating a type of mirroring effect that is still found in many digital and interactive executions." (Manuel Lima, "The Book of Trees: Visualizing Branches of Knowledge", 2014)
"Horizontal trees have proved highly efficient for archetypal models such as classification trees, flow charts, mind maps, dendrograms, and, notably, in the display of files on several software applications and operating systems. If you are a computer user, there is a strong chance you have interacted with some version of a horizontal tree - perhaps on a daily basis." (Manuel Lima, "The Book of Trees: Visualizing Branches of Knowledge", 2014)
"Multidirectional trees display a flexible ordering, with hierarchical branching not rigidly structured along a vertical or horizontal axis, but instead follow ing a free-flowing configuration. From an initial root or source within the plotted area, multidirectional trees expand toward the edges of the space, moving in distinct paths and periodically bifurcating. This leads to an organic, unconfined appearance - not to be confused with unordered or disorganized." (Manuel Lima, "The Book of Trees: Visualizing Branches of Knowledge", 2014)
"Of all visualization models, vertical trees are the ones that retain the strongest resemblance to figurative trees, due to their vertical layout and forking arrangement from a central trunk. In most cases they are inverted trees, with the root at the top, emphasizing the notion of descent and representing a more natural writing pattern from top to bottom." (Manuel Lima, "The Book of Trees: Visualizing Branches of Knowledge", 2014)
"Sunbursts, also known as radial treemaps, tree rings, fan charts, or nested pie charts, are a space-filling visualization technique that uses a radial layout, as opposed to the more widespread rectangular type. Similar to radial trees, sunbursts normally start with a central root, or top level of hierarchy, with the remaining ranks expanding outward from the middle. However, instead of a node-link construct sunbursts employ a sequence of segmented rings and juxtaposed cells" (Manuel Lima, "The Book of Trees: Visualizing Branches of Knowledge", 2014)
"The most popular radial construct places the tree root, source, or origin at the very center of the diagram, with splitting ranks moving toward the circle’s periphery, aligned to a series of concentric rings. A succession of guiding rings, occasionally invisible, enhances the perception of hierarchy while providing a symmetrical sense of balance. One of the main advantages of the radial tree is its composed, optimal use of space; in opposition to vertical and horizontal trees, it can fit easily within the confines of a square. Radial trees are used extensively today, and are particularly popular for portraying genealogical and phylogenetic relationships." (Manuel Lima, "The Book of Trees: Visualizing Branches of Knowledge", 2014)
"The rectangular treemap, sometimes called the mosaic graph, is a space-filling visualization model used for displaying hierarchical data by means of nested rectangles. Each major branch of the tree is depicted as a rectangle, which is then sequentially tiled with smaller rectangles representing its subbranches. The area of each individual cell generally corresponds to a given quantity or data attri bute, for example size, length, price, time, or temperature. Color can indicate an additional quality, such as type, class, gender, or category." (Manuel Lima, "The Book of Trees: Visualizing Branches of Knowledge", 2014)
"With the adoption of a more schematic and abstract construct, deprived of realistic arboreal features, a tree diagram could sometimes be rotated along its axis and depicted horizontally, with its ranks arranged most frequently from left to right. Horizontal trees probably emerged as an alternative to vertical trees to address spatial constraints and layout requirements, but they also provide unique advantages. The nesting arrangement of horizontal trees resembles the grammatical construct of a sentence, echoing a natural reading pattern that anyone can relate to. This alternative scheme was often deployed on facing pages of a manuscript, with the root of the tree at the very center, creating a type of mirroring effect that is still found in many digital and interactive executions. Horizontal trees have proved highly efficient for archetypal models such as classification trees, flow charts, mind maps, dendrograms, and, notably, in the display of files on several software applications and operating systems." (Manuel Lima, "The Book of Trees: Visualizing Branches of Knowledge", 2014)
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